Final strength and conditioning

Question 1

Give an example of hormonal amplification?

Answer 1

Hypothalamus produces corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) to the pituitary gland

Pituitary gland produces ACTH

ACTH stimulates the adrenal gland to produce cortisol. Cortisol levels help to control the pituitary’s production of ACTH

At each stage the production is amplified

Question 2

The primary site of production, tissue/organs of action and major physiological functions of growth hormone?

Answer 2

Pituitary gland

Bone, muscle, connective tissue

Cell reproduction/regeneration, stimulate glycogenolysis and lipolysis

Question 3

The primary site of production, tissue/organs of action and major physiological functions of oxytocin?

Answer 3

Pituitary gland

Uterus, breast tissue

Stimulates contraction during labour, stimulates contraction to produce milk

Question 4

The primary site of production, tissue/organs of action and major physiological functions of leptin?

Answer 4

Adipose tissue

Hypothalamus

Suppression of appetite

Question 5

The primary site of production, tissue/organs of action and major physiological functions of progesterone?

Answer 5

Ovaries

Female reproductive tract, breast tissue

Maintains structure, promotes sex characteristics

Question 6

The primary site of production, tissue/organs of action and major physiological functions of atrial natriuretic hormone?

Answer 6

heart

Kidney

Stimulates excretion of urine

Question 7

Importance of systemic changes in hormone delivery with exercise?

Answer 7

Fluid volume shifts:

More cellular water, less blood water = amplified endocrine effect from blood borne hormones

Blood flow re-distribution during exercise:
Greater amount of hormones delivered to working muscles

Increased cardiac output so quicker delivery to muscle tissue

Exercise can alter the concentration and sensitivity of receptors to their specified hormone

Question 8

Acute effects of testosterone on muscle tissue?

Answer 8

Stimulates production of neurotransmitters increases force

Facilitates calcium release from sarcolemma increases force

Increases muscle protein synthesis

Question 9

Acute GH response to exercise?

Answer 9

Exercise stimulates release (increased blood lactate)

Longer duration exercise causes more GH to be made (fuel mobilisation)

Concentration peaks after exercise (tissue repair role)

Only binds to muscle cells that have been active

Question 10

What is hyperplasia?

Answer 10

Increase in the number of muscle fibres via longitudinal fibre splitting

Question 11

What is hypertrophy?

Answer 11

Muscular enlargement from an increase in Cross sectional area of existing fibres

Occurs in parallel

However some exercise stimulate hypertrophy in series (lengthening), doesn’t increase force but increase velocity

Question 12

Difference between sarcoplasmic hypertrophy and myofibrillar hypertrophy?

Answer 12

Myofibrillar is when growth occurs from increased amount of myofibrils eg actin and myosin

Sarcoplasmic hypertrophy is when the sarcoplasm of the muscle increases (force doesn’t really increase, however cell swelling leads to more muscle cell growth

Question 13

How does hypertrophy work?

Answer 13

Satellite cells activate ad migrate to site from muscle damage

Duplicated and replicated

Donation of nuclei

Myoblasts turn into myotubes

Question 14

Why does hypertrophy occur?

Answer 14

Mechanical tension - most important
Metabolic stress
Muscle damage

Question 15

Does metabolic stress lead to?

Answer 15

Increased fibre recruitment

Elevated hormones

Altered myosin production

Accumulation of reactive oxygen species

Cellular swelling - stimulates PI3K

Question 16

What is myogeneis?

Answer 16

Creation of muscle

Replacement of old/damaged muscle diverse in tissue remodelling

Myoblasts fuse to form myotubules which mature into new fibres

Question 17

What increases EMG (s a diagnostic procedure that evaluates the health condition of muscles and the nerve cells that control them)?

Answer 17

Motor unit firing frequency

Motor unit recruitment

Motor unit synchronisation

Question 18

Process of strength increasing?

Answer 18

Strength initially increases due to EMG

Then muscles fibres increasing contribute, but then overall later they contribute far more

Question 19

What does training do to the neuromuscular junction?

Answer 19

Increased area of neuromuscular junction

More dispersed synapses

Greater total length of nerve terminal branching

Increased end-plate perimeter

Greater dispersion of ACh receptors

Question 20

Why does resistance training increase rate of force development?

Answer 20

Faster depolarisation of sarcolemma

Earlier and increased recruitment of fibres

Increased firing frequency

Enhanced muscle spindle activation

Question 21

Why do post activation potentiation?

Answer 21

Increase motor neurone pool excitability

Better synchronisation

Increase ACh release

Greater central input to motor neurone

Increase in Ca2+ release from SR activates MLC kinase - so more ATP broken down

Question 22

Todays EWMA value = ?

Answer 22

(Todays load x constant) + (1 - constant) x EWMA value of day before)

Question 23

Origin, insertion, nerve and actions of the vastus lateralis?

Answer 23

Origin: Interochanteric line, linea aspera, gluteal tuberosity

Insertion: Tibial tuberosity

Nerve: Femoral nerve, L2-L4

Action is knee extension

The most lateral of the quadriceps

Question 24

Nerve supply, Origin, insertion and movement of the Biceps femoris?

Answer 24

Nerve supply: short head = fibular branch of sciatic nerve (L5, S1)
Longhead = Tibial branch of the sciatic nerve (L5, S1)
Origin: Long head: hip: ischial tuberosity.
Short head: femur: linea aspera.

Insertion: Fibula head.

Movement: Flexes the knee and extends the hip.

It is the most lateral hamstring and arises from two heads.

Question 25

Nerve supply, Origin, insertion and movement of the Gastrocnemius?

Answer 25

Nerve supply: S1-S2

Origin: Medial head:
Femur: medial condyle.

Lateral head:
Femur: lateral condyle.

Insertion: Calcaneus: posterior tubercle.

Movement: Flexes the knee and plantarflexes ankle.

Together with soleus it forms the bulk of the calf and the tendo calcaneus (Achilles tendon). It arises via two heads, which form the lower borders of the popliteal fossa.

Question 26

Nerve supply, Origin, insertion and movement of the Gracilis?

Answer 26

Nerve supply: obturator nerve

Origin: Hip bone: pubis.

Insertion: Tibia.

Movement: Adducts the hip and flexes the knee.

A long, thin muscle on the medial side of the thigh.

Question 27

Nerve supply, Origin, insertion and movement of the Rectus femoris?

Answer 27

Nerve supply: femoral nerve (L2-L4)

Origin: Straight head:
Hip bone: anterior inferior iliac spine.

Oblique head:
Hip bone: acetabulum.

Insertion: Tibial tuberosity via patellar tendon.

Movement: Extends the knee.

The most anterior of the quadriceps and arises from two tendinous heads

Question 28

Nerve supply, Origin, insertion and movement of the Sartorius?

Answer 28

Nerve supply: femoral nerve (L2-L4)

Origin: Hip: anterior superior iliac spine.

Insertion: Tibia.

Movement: Flexes the hip and knee and rotates the femur.

The longest muscle in the body, it travels obliquely across the front of the thigh.

Question 29

Nerve supply, Origin, insertion and movement of the Semimembranosus?

Answer 29

Nerve supply: Tibial part of sciatic nerve; (L5, S1 and S2)

Origin: Hip: ischial tuberosity.

Insertion: Tibia.

Movement: Flexes the knee and extends the hip.

It is the most medial hamstring and is often separated into two muscle bellies by a tendinous intersection.

Question 30

Nerve supply, Origin, insertion and movement of the Semitendinosus?

Answer 30

Nerve supply: Sciatic (tibial, L5, S1, S2)

Origin: Hip: ischial tuberosity.

Insertion: Tibia

Movement: Flexes the knee and extends the hip.

It is the middle hamstring and becomes a long tendon.

Question 31

Nerve supply, Origin, insertion and movement of the Vastus intermedius?

Answer 31

Nerve supply: Femoral nerve (L2, L3, L4)

Origin: Femur: shaft.

Insertion: Tibial tuberosity via patellar tendon.

Movement: Extends the knee

The deepest of the quadriceps.

Question 32

Nerve supply, Origin, insertion and movement of the Vastus medialis?

Answer 32

Nerve supply: posterior division of the femoral nerve

Origin: Femur: linea aspera.

Insertion: Tibial tuberosity via patellar tendon.

Movement: Extends the knee.

The most medial of the quadriceps.