Human anatomy and Kinanthropometry Flashcards
(189 cards)
1
Q
The skull is composed of how many bones? And what 2 types of bones?
A
22
Cranial bones (cranium) and facial bones (face)
2
Q
What are sutures?
A
Immovable joints that hold the skull bones together
3
Q
Function of cranial bones?
A
Protect the brain
Inner surfaces have membranes to stabilize the brain, blood vessels and nerves
Provide large areas of muscle attachment
4
Q
Function of facial bones?
A
Framework of the face
Protect and provide support for the nerves and blood vessels
5
Q
When looking at a posterior skull (from behind) what are the parts of the occipital bone (main area just bellow half way)?
A
External occipital protuberance (little bit poking out bone)
Superior and inferior nuchal line, (where the external occipital protuberance pokes out from)
Lambdoidal suture, borders parietal lambda and occipital
6
Q
What are parts of the parietal suture (one of the top halves) in a posterior skull?
A
Sagittal suture which separates both the halves
7
Q
Parts of the temporal bone (just before the ear) on a side view of a skull (lateral)?
A
Mastiod process ( jutting out bit at bottom)
Squamous suture (border between other parts)
Temporal lines, a bit above but curve downwards
8
Q
Where the zygomatic bone and therefore the zygomatic arch?
A
Connected to the temporal bone and is essentially the cheek bone
9
Q
Parts of the mandible (jaw bone)?
A
Angle of mandible (top bit of jaw furthest away from ear)
Coronoid process (part of fork bit of jaw nearest to teeth)
Ramus of mandible (fork bit of jaw)
10
Q
What bone are the teeth connected to?
A
Maxilla
11
Q
Where is the frontal bone and what seperates it from parietal bone?
A
Forehead, has coronal suture separating it from parietal bone
12
Q
Temporalis muscle’s origin (where it is found), insertion (what it connects to), and it’s action?
A
Origin is temporal fossa and line (area above ear and next to eye)
Insertion is coronoid process of mandible
Action is closes and retracts jaw
13
Q
Massester muscle’s origin (where it is found), insertion (what it connects to), and it’s action?
A
Origin is the zygomatic bone
Insertion is the angle and ramus of mandible
Action is it closes the jaw
14
Q
Orbicularis Oculi muscle’s origin (where it is found), insertion (what it connects to), and it’s action?
A
Origin is circular muscle on frontal bone and maxilla
Insertion eyelid?
Action is it closes the eye
15
Q
Orbicularis oris muscle’s origin (where it is found), insertion (what it connects to), and it’s action?
A
Origin is circular muscle on maxilla, septum of nose and mandible
Insertion is around the lips
Action is closes and protrudes lips
16
Q
What numbers does vervical vertebrae go from?
A
C1-C7
17
Q
What is C1 known as?
A
Atlas
18
Q
What is C2 known as?
A
Axis
19
Q
What is C7 known as?
A
Vertebra prominens
20
Q
Nearer to C1 means? and nearer to C7 means?
A
More superior (closer to C1)
More inferior closer to C7
21
Q
Features of atlas?
A
Kidney bean shaped facets, which Articulate with occipital bones (back of head)
No spinous process
22
Q
Where is the nuuchal ligament found?
A
Back of neck
23
Q
What’s it called when you tilt your head backwards?
A
Hyperextension
24
Q
What is extension?
A
Going from a flexed posistion to a nuetral posistion
25
What's it called when you tilt your head forward?
Flexion
26
What allow the up and down movements of the head?
Atlanto-occipital and cervial intervertebral joints
27
What's it called when you move your head sideways?
Rotation
28
What allows rotation?
Atlanto-axial joint
29
What is the Longus capitis's (neck muscle) origin, insertion and action?
C3-C6
Occipital bone anterior to foramen magnum
Flexes neck
30
What is the Scalenus's (neck muscle) origin, insertion and action?
Posterior:
Origin is Transverse processes of C4-C6
2nd rib is insertion
Middle:
C2-C6 is origin
1st rib medial
Anterior:
Origin is C3-C6
Insertion is 1st rib anterior
Action:
Together - flexes neck
Singulary - rotates neck or lateral flexion (leaning head in one direction)
31
What is the Sternocleidomastoid (neck muscle) origin, insertion and action?
Origin is the manubrium and clavicle as it has 2 heads
Insertion is the mastoid process
Action - singulary roation and lateral flexion
Together - flexion
32
What is the Splenius capitis (neck muscle) origin, insertion and action?
Origin- C7 + T1-T3
Insertion - mastiod process
Action - together extends neck
Singulary - Rotates and laterally flexes neck
(runs down back of neck)
33
What is the Platysma (neck muscle) origin, insertion and action?
Origin - upper fourth of chest
Insertion - inferior aspect of mandible
Action - depresses mandible and draws up skin on chest
34
What are the components of the skeletal system?
```
Bones
Joints
Ligaments
Tendons
Cartilages
```
35
What's the axial skeleton?
Head, thorax and vertebra column (spine going down just before pelvis)
36
What's the appendicular skeleton?
All the limbs
| going up to shoulders for arms, and then to the pelvis for the legs
37
What are the 6 types of bones and examples?
```
Sutural bones- in the skull
Irregular bones - vertebra
Short bones - carpal bones in wrist
Flat bones - parietal bones in skull
Long bones - Humerus in upper arm
Sesamoid bones - patella (knee cap)
```
38
Definition of a sutural bone?
Extra bone pieces with a suture (joint) in the cranium
39
Definition of a Irregular bone?
Complicated shape
40
Definition of a short bone?
Cube shaped
41
Definition of a flat bone?
Thin flattened and slightly curved
42
Definition of a long bone?
Longer than wide
Shaft at 2 ends
all limb bones
Curved for strength
43
Definition of a sesamoid bones?
Sesame seed shaped, improve tendon insertion angle
44
What are the 3 types of joints?
Fibrous
Cartilagenous
Synovial
45
Describe a fibrous joint?
This type of joint is held together by only a ligament
Eg. where the teeth are held to their bony sockets
46
Describe a cartilaginous joint?
Occur where the connection between the articulating bones is made up of cartilage
Eg. between vertebrae in the spine
47
Describe a synovial joint?
Highly movable, all have a synovial capsule surrounding the entire joint, a synovial membrane (inner layer of the capsule) which secretes synovial fluid (a lubricant), and hyaline cartilage which pads the ends of the articulating bones
48
Describe skeletal cartilage?
Contains no blood vessels or nerves
Surrounded by the perichondrium (dense irregular connective tissue)) that resists outward expansion
49
3 types of skeletal cartillage?
Elastic
Hyaline
Fibrocartilage
50
Example of where you find elastic cartillage?
In the ear
51
Example of where you find hyaline cartilage?
In the nose
52
Example of where you find fibrocartilages?
In the pubic symphysis
53
What does Hyaline articular cartilage do?
Covers the ends of long bones
54
What does hyaline costal cartilage do?
Connects the ribs to the sternum
55
What does hyaline respiratory cartillage do?
makes up larynx (voicebox), reinforces air passages
56
What does hyaline nasal cartillage do?
Supports the nose
57
Features of elastic cartillage?
Similar to hyaline but also contains elastic fibres
58
Features of fibrocartilage?
Highly compressed with great tensile strength
| Contains collagen fibres
59
Features of cortical (compact) bone?
Low porosity
Strong dense and tough
Epiphysis (thin shell)
Diaphysis (shaft, thicker)
60
Features of trabecular (cancellous, spongy) bone?
High porosity
| Lighter and less dense than cortical
61
Landmarks on a long bone?
Diaphysis (middle segment)
Epiphysis (top and bottom)
Membranes - periosteum and endosteum)
62
Features of Epiphysis?
They are the end of the bone
The joint surface of the epiphysis is covered with articular cartilage
Epiphyseal line separate diaphysis and epiphysis
63
What happens when a long bone stops growing between the ages of 18-25?
Epiphyseal cartilage disappears
Epiphyseal plate closes
Visible on X-rays as an epiphyseal line
At this point bone has replaced all cartilage and the bone can no longer grow in length
64
Features of the Diaphysis?
It's the shaft of the bone
Collar of compact bone surrounds a central marrow cavity
In adults cavity contains fat
65
Features of the medullary/marrow cavity?
Interior of all bones, consists of largely spongy bone
The very centre of the bone is an open cavity or marrow cavity
Filled with yellow bone marrow
66
Describe the blood vessels in bone?
Nutrient arteries serve the diaphysis, it runs inward to supply the bone marrow and spongy bone
67
Describe the periosteum membrane in a bone?
Covers outer bone surface
Consists of dense irregular connective tissue and osteoblasts
Contain nerve fibre, blood and lymph, vessels secured by sharpey's fibres
68
What is the endosteum membrane in bones?
Covers internal bone surfaces
69
Briefly describe base structure of short irregular and flat bones?
Bones have thin layers of compact bones over spongy bone
No shaft, epiphysis or marrow cavity
Spongy area between is diploe
70
Functions of periosteum?
Isolate bone from surrounding tissues
Provide a route for circulatory and nervous supply
Participate in bone growth and repair
71
What is endosteum?
```
An incomplete cellular that:
Lines the marrow cavity
Covers the trabeculae of spongy bone
Lines central canals
Contains osteoblasts, osteoprogenitor cells and osteoclasts
Is active in bone growth and repair
```
72
What is an osteon?
Osteocytes arranged in concentric lamellae around a central canal containing blood vessels
73
What do osteoblasts do?
Make and deposit components of bone extracellular matrix
Eventually become surround calcified bone and then they become osteocytes
74
What do osteoclasts do?
Degrade and resorb bone for remodelling, by secreting acids and protein-digesting enzymes
Dissolve bone matrix and release stored minerals = osteolysis
75
What do osteocytes do?
"watcher cells", Sit in bone and monitor current status, and help repair damaged bone
76
What is an osteoid?
Unmineralized bone matrix composed of proteoglycans, glycoproteins and collagen, becomes calcified later
77
Where do you find osteocytes?
In matrix only (in the ring of bone)
78
Where do you find osteoblasts and osteoprogenitor cells?
Periosteum + Endosteum
79
Where do you find Osteoclasts?
In endosteum only
80
What do osteoprogenitor cells do?
They are mesenchyme stem cells that divide to form osteoblasts
Are located in inner layer of periosteum
Assist in fracture repair
81
How is homeostasis involved in bones and what happens if it isn't maintained?
Bone building by osteocytes and -blasts, must balance the bone recycling from osteoclasts
Higher resorption than formation leads to weaker bones
82
Life cycle of bone cells?
Osteoprogenitor cells to osteoblasts to osteocytes
Osteoclasts are related to macrophages
83
Where is the red marrow in an infant?
All bones
84
Where is the red bone marrow in adults?
Every bone except in limbs
85
What does red bone marrow do?
Produce red blood cells, platelets and white blood cells
86
What does yellow bone marrow do?
Produces fat, cartilage and bone
87
What us endochondral ossification and what are the names of all the steps?
Process by which bone tissue is created
```
Formation of bone collar
Cavitation
Invasion
Remodelling
Ossification
Elongation
```
88
In Endochondral ossification describe the step of bone collar?
Blood vessels grow around the edges of the cartilage
Cells in the perichondrium (the connective tissue that envelops cartilage where it is not at a joint.) change into osteoblasts
Producing a layer of superficial bone which will continue to grow and become compact bone
89
In Endochondral ossification describe the step of cavitation?
Chondrocytes in the centre of the hyaline cartilage of each bone model:
Enlarge
Forms struts and calcify
Die, leaving cavities in cartilage
90
In Endochondral ossification describe the step of invasion?
Periosteal bud ( vascular connective tissue bud from the perichondrium) brings blood vessels into the cartillage
Bringing osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Spongy bone develops at the primary ossification centre
91
In Endochondral ossification describe the step of remodelling?
Remodelling creates a marrow cavity
Bone replaces cartilage at metaphyses (end border if diaphysis)
Diaphysis elongates
92
In Endochondral ossification describe the step of ossification
Capilaries and osteoblasts enter the epiphyses (top of the bone)
Creating secondary ossification centres
93
In Endochondral ossification describe the step of elongation?
Epiphyses fill with spongy bone, but cartilage remains at 2 sites
- ends of bones within the joint cavity = articular cartillage
- cartillage at the metaphysis = epiphyseal cartillage (plate)
94
What does Wolff's law state?
A bone grows or remodels in response to the forces which act upon it
There are changes in bone density in response to exercise
Tension and compression forces must balance
95
What happens to the bone during growth if you exercise?
There is increased periosteal expansion
96
Which exercise has the most osteogenic potential?
Drop landing
97
What are the 4 steps for the healing of a bone fracture?
Hematoma
Soft callus
Bony callus
Remodelling
98
3 types of muscle?
Smooth
Cardiac
Skeletal
99
Features of smooth muscle?
```
Not striated
Single nuclei
Autonomic control
Doesn't fatigue
Internal organs
```
100
Features of cardiac muscle?
```
Visible striation
Single nuclei
Autonomic control
Doesn't fatigue
Allows heart to pump blood
```
101
Fesastures of skeletal muscle?
Highly organised striation
Multiple nuclei
Voluntary control
Generates movement of body parts
102
What is a motot neuron?
An efferent motor neuron and the fibres that it innverates
Neuron originates from spinal column and terminates at the nuromuscluar junction
Action potentials transmitted along the neuron stimulate excitation-contraction coupling
103
Features of smaller motor neurons?
Less membrane surface area
Action potentials generated more easily
Recruited first
104
Features of larger motor neurons?
Larger surface area
Action potentials harder to generate
Recruited last
105
What is the plane of movement called sagittal represent?
If someone was cut in half splitting their pecs in half
106
What is the plane of movement transverse represent?
Wearing a rubber ring in pool
Cut in half through belly button
107
What does the plane of movement frontal represent?
Cut in half with the line going from shoulder to shoulder
108
3 types of contractions?
Isometric - constant length (no joint rotation)
Concentric - Shortening contraction
Eccentric - lengthening contraction
109
Formulas for Fm (maximum muscle force)?
Fm = PCSA (physiological cross sectional area) x σ (force per square centrimetre ( will be a given figure))
Fm = (V (volume) x σ) / Fibre length
110
4 types of muscle patterns?
Longitudinal:
Strap- parrallel lines going downwards
Fusiform - the same but with a bulge
Pennate
Unipennate - fibres going diagonal in one direction
Bipennate - fibres diagonal in 2 different directions
111
What does pennation allow?
A greater number of fibres to be packed into a muscle (reducing required fibre length)
However pull of each fibre is reduced slightly dereasing force a bit
112
What's a twitch?
A muscles response to a single stimulus
Fast response is higher force over a shorter time
Slow response is less force over a longer duration
113
What is tetanus?
A muscle's response to multiple stimuli
Goes from twitch to summation to incomplete tetanus to complete tetanus
114
What is electromyography (EMG)?
Measurement of the electrical potential generated by muscle cells
115
How do you increase muscle force through activation?
Recruit more muscle fibres (motor units)
| Increase the rate of firing
116
Desribe active tension in actina and myosin fibrils?
The active tension will be highest and therefore also active force production when there is the most possible actin and mysosin cross bridges formed
To close together actin will block myosin binding to other actin filament
To far away not enough overlap of myosin and actin filaments
117
What re the 3 factors that could affect the amount of force produced by a group of muscles?
Muscle architecture-
-Muscle volume, pennation angle, PCSA
Nueral control -
Number of fibres recruited
Rate of recruitment
Optimal fibre length
118
Describe the order of muscle recruitment?
Small units are recruited first at low forces
Larger motor units are recruited as force increases
119
Features of the ribs?
12 pairs of ribs
1-7 true ribs
8-10 false ribs
11-12 floating ribs
Have a xiphoid process which is a tiny diamond-shaped bone at the inferior end of the sternum
120
For the transverse Abdominis, what's it origin, insertion and function?
Origin:
Iliac crest (top of hip bone)
Inguinal ligament (band from the pubic tubercle to the iliac crest)
Ribs 7-12
Insertion:
Xiphoid process
Linear alba (mid section of abs)
Function:
Compression and supports abdominal organs
121
For the rectus abdominis, what's it origin, insertion and function?
Origin:
Creast of pubis and pubis
Insertion:
Xiphoid process
Ribs 5 to 7
Function:
Flexion
Compression
Lateral flexion
122
For the internal obliques what's it origin, insertion and function?
Origin:
Iliac crest
Thoraco-lumbar facia
Insertion:
Cartilage of ribs 8-12
Linear alba
Function:
Together=flexion
Singular = rotation and lateral flexion on contraction side
123
For the external obliques what's it origin, insertion and function?
Origin:
Ribs 5 to 12
Insertion:
Linea alba
Iliac crest
Inguinal ligament
Action:
Together = Flexes spine
Singularly = rotation
124
WHich are the deep abdominal muscles?
Transverse abdominis
| Rectus abdominis
125
Which are the mid abdominal muscles?
Internal oblique
126
Which are the superficial (on top) abdominal muscles?
External oblique
127
What are rotatores muscles and what do they do?
Short running muscles formed along entire vertebral column
Action is Extend and rotate
128
What do interspinales muscles do?
Unite spinous proccesses
Action is extension
129
What do intertransversii do?
Unite transverse processes
Action is lateral flexion
130
What is the overall structure of the spine?
Cervical vertebrae C1-C7
Thoracic verterbrae T1-T12
Lumbar vertebrae L1-L5
Sacrum
Coccyx
131
What's the sternum manubrium?
Gap at top of sternum (which is bone in the middle of the ribs)
132
What are the 4 rotator cuff muscles?
Supraspinatus
Infrapinatus
Tetres Minor / Major
Subscapularis
133
Origin, insertion and motion of the supraspinatus?
Supraspinous fossa
Superior facet of greater tubercle
External rotation
134
Origin, insertion and motion of the infraspinatus?
Infraspinous fossa
Middle faet of greater tubercle
External rotation
135
Origin, insertion and motion of the Teres minor?
Superior lateral border of scapula
Inferior facet of greater tubercle
External rotation
136
Origin, insertion and motion of the teres major?
Inferior lateral border of scapula
Lesser tuberosity
Internal rotation
137
Origin, insertion and motion of the Subscapularis?
Subscapular fossa
Lesser tuberosity
Internal rotation
138
Origin, insertion and actions of the pectrolais minor?
Origin ribs 3-5
Insertion coracoid process
Action - scapula protraction
139
Origin, insertion and actions of the serratus anterior?
Origin: ribs 1-9
Insertion: medial border of scapula
Action: scapula protraction
140
Origin, insertion and actions of the rhomboid major?
Origin - spinous processes of the T2 to T5 vertebrae
Insertion - medial border of the scapula
Action - Keep the scapula pressed against the thoracic wall and retract the scapula toward the vertebral column
141
Origin, insertion and actions of the rhomboid minor?
Origin - C7-T1
Insertion - medial border of the scapula
Action - Keep the scapula pressed against the thoracic wall and retract the scapula toward the vertebral column
142
Origin, insertion and actions of the trapezius muscle?
Origin - occipital bone at the base of skull
Insertion - spine of the scapula
Action -- support the shoulders and limbs and the rotation of the scapula necessary to raise the atms above shoulder level
143
What are the joints in the knee?
Patellofemoral:
Gliding joint between patella (knee cap) and femur (thigh bone)
Tibiofemoral:
Hinge joint inbetween femur and tibia (shin bone) That rotates in sagittal plane causing flexion/extension
144
Features of the patella (knee cap)?
It's a sesamoid bone
Articulates with the trochlear groove of the feemur
Increases the leverage of the quadriceps at the knee
145
What's a bursa?
Fluid filled sac that reduces friction
146
What are the bursae of the patella?
Prepatellar - middle
Suprapatellar - top
Infrapatellar - bottom
147
What are the ligaments of the tibiofemoral joint?
Lateral collateral ligament - side ligament on outside of knee
Medial collateral ligament - side ligament on inside of knee
Lateral meniscus - ligament going sideways in the middle of the knee which is nearest to the outside
Medial meniscus-ligament going sideways in the middle of the knee which is nearest to the inside
Anterior cruciate ligament - middle ligament crossing over which is more anterior
Posterior cruciate ligament - middle ligament crossing over which is more posterior
148
Features of the deltoid (shoulder muscle)?
There is the deltoid anterior, medial and posterior
Origin is lateral third of clavicle and the spineof scapula
Insertion is deltoid tuberosity of humerus,
Anterior part flexes and medially rotates arm
Middle part: abducts arm
Posterior part: extends and laterally rotates arm
149
Features of the subscapularis muscle?
Origin is the subscapular fossa of scapula
Insertion is the lesser tuberosity of humerus
Action- medially rotates arm and adducts it
150
Features of the coracobrachialis muslcle?
Origin is the coracoid process of the scapula
Insertion is the medial shaft of the humerus
Action is adducts shoulder
Flexes shoulder
151
Features of the Latissimus dorsi?
Origins:
Spinous processes of T6-T12
Lumbar and sacral vertebrae
Iliac crest
Insertion is the tubercular groove of humerus
Actions-
Extends
Medial rotates
adducts
152
Fearures of the pectoralis major?
Origin- clavicular head, and sternocostal head
Insertion is lateral lip of intertubercular groove of humerus
Action is adducts and medially rotates humerus
153
What's the tibia?
The shin bone
154
What's the fibula?
The bone running laterally to the tibia
155
What's the interosseous membrane?
Runs between tibia and fibula
Forms a fibrous joint and separates the anterior and posterior compartments
156
Features of the tibialis anterior muscle?
Origin-
Lateral condyle and shaft of tibia
Insertion - medial cuneiform (bone of the foot)
Action is ankle dorsiflexion and inversion
157
Features of the extensor hallucis longus?
Origin - fibula shaft
Insertion is the distal phalnx of great toe
Action is toe extension (dorsiflexion)
158
Features of the extensor digtorum longus muscle?
Origin-lateral condyle and shaft of tibia
Insertion is the 4 lesser toes
Action is toe extension (dorsiflexion) and ankle dorsiflexion
159
Features of the peronues fibularis longus (in the lateral compartment)?
Origin - shaft of fibula
Insertion is base of 5th metatarsal
Action is ankle eversion
160
Features of the peronues fibularis Brevis (in the lateral compartment)?
Origin is the shaft of fibula (more distal than the longus)
Insertion is the tuberosity of 5th metatarsal
Action is ankle eversion
161
Features of the deep muscle tibialis posterior?
Origin is shaft of tibia and fibua
Insertion is metatarsals 2-4
Supports longtidudinal arch of foot
162
Features of the deep muscle flexor hallucis longus?
Origin is the shaft of the fibula
Insertion Is the Hallux (great toe)
Action is plantar flexes hallux (motion towards the floor)
163
Feature of the deep muscle Flexor digitorum longus?
Origin is the shaft of tibia
Insertion is the distal phalanges 2-4 (lesser toes)
Action is flexion of lesser toes)
164
Compartments of the lower leg muscles?
Lateral
Anterior
Deep muscles
Posterior
165
Features of the deep muscle Popliteus?
Origin is the lateral condyle of femur
Insertion is the medial proximal shaft of the the tibia
Action is knee flexion and rotation
166
Features of the gastrocnemius muscle in the posterior compartment?
Origin - medial and lateral condyle
Insertion is the Calcaneus
Action is flexes the knee
167
Features of the soleus muscle in the posterior compartment?
Origin is the tibia soleal line
Insertion is the calcaneus
Action is plantarflexes the ankle (move towards the floor)
168
Features of the plantaris muscle in the posterior compartment?
Origin is the lateral condyle of the femur
Insertion if the calcanues
Action is flexes the knee and plantarflexes the foot
169
What are the metatarsal bones?
Long bones of the mid foot
Numbered 1-5 medial to lateral
170
What are phalanges?
The bones of the toes
Labelled 2st to 5th from medial to lateral
And proximal to middle to distal
Great toe only has 2 phalanges (the hallux)
171
What is pes planus?
Flat feet
The longitudinal arch is flattened
172
Features of quadratus plantae?
Origin - Calcaneus
Insertion - tendon of flexor digitorum longus
Action - flexes lesser toes (2-5)
173
What 3 bones is each hip bone made up of?
Ilium - (top bbit near the elephant ear shape)
ischium - bottom circular bit
Pubis - bit above the Ischium
174
What are the hip extensor muscles?
Gluteus maximus
Bicep femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
175
Features of the gluteus maximus?
Origin is posterior superior iliac crest and lots of areas around it
Insertion if primarily in fascia latae at the iliotibial band (down the side of your leg)
Actions are hip extension, lateral rotation, adduction and abduction of the hip
176
What's in the hamstring group?
Bicep femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
177
Features of the biceps femoris?
It's the most lateral hamstring and arises from 2 heads
Origin: Long head Hip ischial tuberosity
Short head: ;ateral aspect midway down the femur
Insertions: Both heads combine into the bekky of muscle which then inserts on the head of the fibula
Action - flexes the knee and extends the hip
178
Features of the semitendinosus?
It is the middle hamstring and becomes a long tendon
Origin is the Ischial tuberosity of the hip
Insertion is the medial aspect of the tibia
Flexes the knee and extends the hip
179
Features of the Semimembranosus?
It is the most medial hamstring
Origin is the Ischial tuberosity of the hip
Insertion is the medial condyle of the tibia
Action is it extends the hip and flexes the knee
180
What are the hip abductors?
```
Gluteus medius
Glueteus minimus
Tensor fasciae latae (TFL)
Piriformis
Sartorius
```
181
Features of the gluteus medius?
Large muscle of the outer surface of the ilium
Origin - lateral surface of the ilium
Insertions - Greater trochanter of the femur
Action - abducts and extends the hip
182
Features of the glueteus minimus?
Occupies the outer surface of the ilium
Origin - body of the ilium
Insertions - greater trochanter of the femur
Action is abducts and extends the hip
183
Features of the tensor fasciae latae?
Small quadricep muscle attached to the iliotibial tract
Origin - the Iliac crest
Insertion is the Illiotibial tract
Action is abducts the hip, and laterally rotates the femur
184
Features of the Piriformis?
Origin is the anterior surface of thesacrum
Insetion is this greater trochanter of the femur
Action is abducts the hip, and laterally rotates the femur
185
Features of the sartorius?
Longest muscle of the body
Origin is the anterior superior iliac spine
Insertion is the tibia
Action is abducts the femur, flexes the hip and knee
186
Which are the thigh muscles in the quadriceps femoris group?
Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis
Rectus Femoris
Vastus intermedius
187
Features of the vastus lateralis?
The most lateral of the quadriceps
Origin is the greater trochanter at the femur
Insertion is the Tibial tuberosity via patella tendon
Action is extends the knee
188
Features of the vastus medialis?
The most medial quadricep
Origin is the medial lip of the linea aspera (head of femur bone)
Insertion is the tibial tuberosity via patellar tendon
Action is extends the knee
189
Features of the vastus intermedius?
Deepest quadricep
Origin is the proximal two-thirds of the anterior surface of the femur
Insertion is the tibial tuberosity via patellar tendon
Action is extends the knee
