Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Unit three cells > Final study guide > Flashcards

Final study guide Flashcards

1
Q

Natural selection

A

Organisms that are more adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and pass on the genes that helped them succeed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Charles Darwin

A

Visited the Galápagos Islands and collected/studied the species there. He came up with the Theory of Natural Selection: animals with a higher fitness level (ability to survive and reproduce) would pass on the preferred genes for their environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Galápagos Islands observation

A

Darwin noticed that each finch species had a different type of beak, depending on the food available on its island. The finches that ate large nuts had strong beaks for breaking the nuts open.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Biogeography

A

the branch of biology that deals with the geographical distribution of plants and animals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What was Darwin’s opinion on the fossil record

A

The fossil record has gaps, mostly because the conditions required to create fossils have been rare ever since life began on Earth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Restriction enzymes

A

Enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

DNA typing

A

Definition. DNA typing is a laboratory procedure that detects normal variations in a sample of DNA to discover relationships

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the applications for DNA sequencing?

A

Detection of genetic disorders e.g. Sickle Cell Anaemia - gene mutation (one base substituted) or Cystic Fibrosis (one codon deleted)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Human genome project

A

discover the complete set of human genes and make them accessible for further biological study, and determine the complete sequence of DNA bases in the human genome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Polymerase Chain Reaction

A

A technique flor copying DNA sequences by heating it up, incubating with special primers, DNA polymerase molecules, and nucleotides.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

DNA Ligase

A

A linking enzyme essential for DNA replication; catalyzes the covalent bonding of the 3’ end of a new DNA fragment to the 5’ end of a growing chain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Genetic engineering

A

Process of making changes in the DNA code of living organisms like for corn to produce more of it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

gene therapy

A

The insertion of working copies of a gene into the cells of a person with a genetic disorder in an attempt to correct the disorder as well as to treat an eye disorder called Leber congenital amaurosis and a muscle disorder called spinal muscular atrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are some of the benefits of pharmacogenomics

A
  1. Understanding why pt’s with the same disease respond differently to a certain medication
  2. Minimize Adverse drug reactions
  3. Help maximize drug efficacy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Transformation

A

process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene or genes from another strain of bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Transgenic organisms

A

organisms containing DNA sequences that have been created in vitro and introduced into the genome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Homologous structures

A

similar physical features in organisms that share a common ancestor, but the features serve completely different functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Analogous structures

A

features of different species that are similar in function but not in structure and which do not come from a common ancestor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Half life

A

the time required for a quantity (of substance) to reduce to half of its initial value. The

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

a type of natural selection in which genetic diversity decreases as the population stabilizes on a particular trait value (favors the middle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Directional selection

A

individuals with traits on one side of their population survive better or reproduce more than those on the other (favors one side more than the other)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Disruptive selection

A

form of natural selection occurring in a population where extreme traits are favored over intermediate traits (Favors both ends)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Genetic drift

A

the change in frequency of an existing gene variant in the population due to random chance. Genetic drift may cause gene variants to disappear completely and thereby reduce genetic variation (small community)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Domain

A

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Kingdom

A

plant, fungi, protist and monera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Phylum

A

taxonomic ranking that comes third in the hierarchy of classification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Class

A

a taxonomic rank above the order and below the phylum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Order

A

a taxonomic rank above the Genus and below the class

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Genus

A

a taxonomic rank above species and below order

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Species

A

The lowest taxonomic level

31
Q

Linnaeus’ system of classification

A

taxonomy: a classification system for the natural world to standardize the naming of species and order them according to their characteristics and relationships with one another.

32
Q

Cladograms

A

a branching tree diagram that shows ancestral relationships among organisms

33
Q

Derived traits

A

Traits that just appeared (by mutation) in the most recent generation

34
Q

What happens when you have Diabetes?

A

your body doesn’t make enough insulin or can’t use it as well as it should

35
Q

Pancreas

A

Produces endocrine (production of hormones that regulate blood sugar levels and glandular secretion) and exocrine (the function of the digestive gland)

36
Q

Capillaries function

A

exchange of materials between the blood and tissue cells

37
Q

Antibodies

A

proteins that protect you when an unwanted substance enters your body

38
Q

What are the components of the circulatory system?

A

Heart, blood, blood vessels (arteries, veins capillaries)

39
Q

Inflammatory response

A

occurs when tissues are injured by bacteria, trauma, toxins, or, heat

40
Q

Passive immunity

A

when a person is given antibodies to a disease rather than producing them through his or her own immune system

41
Q

Active immunity

A

When a person produces antibodies when he/she gets a disease naturally

42
Q

Autoimmune disease

A

happens when the body’s natural defense system can’t tell the difference between your own cells and foreign cells, causing the body to mistakenly attack normal cells.

43
Q

Nervous system

A

Commands your bodies’s functions with two parts: the central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system is made up of nerves that branch off from the spinal cord and extend to all parts of the body

44
Q

Neurons

A

the cells responsible for receiving sensory input from outside our body, sending it to our brain, and for sending commands about this information from the brain to our muscles

45
Q

Motor neurons

A

cells in the brain and spinal cord that allow us to move, speak, swallow, and breathe by sending commands from the brain to the muscles that carry out these functions

46
Q

Sensory neurons

A

converting external stimuli from the organism’s environment into internal electrical impulses from the brain

47
Q

Menstruation

A

Cycle where a woman produces an egg cell

48
Q

Chemical digestion

A

the process where complex molecules like proteins, fats, and carbohydrates are broken down into smaller pieces that your body can use

49
Q

Stimulants

A

a substance that raises levels of physiological or nervous activity in the bod

50
Q

Depressant

A

A type of drug that slows down brain activity, which causes the muscles to relax and calms and soothes a person

51
Q

Ecology

A

study of the relationships between living organisms, and their physical environment (abiotic and biotic factors)

52
Q

Producers

A

Produce energy by taking in solar energy, carbon dioxide, and water then converting it into glucose (energy) through photosynthesis

53
Q

Consumers

A

Obtain energy by consuming producers

54
Q

Abiotic factors

A

Parts of an ecosystem that never have lived

55
Q

Biotic factors

A

Parts of an ecosystem that have lived or are living

56
Q

Predators

A

Eat consumers for energy (usually at the top of the food chain)

57
Q

Biomes

A

an area classified according to the species that live in that location

58
Q

Temperate forest

A

Forest with evergreen trees and four seasons

59
Q

Tundra

A

Flat cold dry biome

60
Q

Birth rate vs death rate

A

Both a steady birth and death rate are needed for biodiversity or a stable ecosystem because when the death rate is higher, the population will decrease, but if the birth rate is higher overpopulation will occur.

61
Q

Anus

A

Where digested food comes out

62
Q

Niche

A

Organisms role in a population

63
Q

Small intestine function

A

receives bile and pancreatic juice through the pancreatic duct to aid in digestion

64
Q

Large intestine function

A

remaining waste material is stored in the rectum as feces before being removed by defecatio

65
Q

Gallbladder function

A

bile is stored and concentrated before it is released into the small intestine

66
Q

Esophagus function

A

After you swallow, peristalsis pushes the food down your esophagus into your stomach

67
Q

Liver

A

performs many essential biological functions such as detoxification of the organism, and the synthesis of proteins and biochemicals necessary for digestion and growth

68
Q

Rectum

A

Holds stool until it goes out the anus

69
Q

DNA sequencing

A

the general laboratory technique for determining the exact sequence of nucleotides, or bases, in a DNA molecule

70
Q

Artificial selection

A

Choosing organisms to breed for a specific trait to get a better trait

71
Q

Biogeography studies

A

The environment

72
Q

Temporal isolation

A

occurs when two populations differ in their periods of activity or reproductive cycles

73
Q

Genus and Species

A

Binomial nomenclature

Unit three cells (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions