Final Study Guide Flashcards
1
Q
early school of thought promoted by James and influenced by Darwin; explored how mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish
A
Functionalism
2
Q
focuses on the adaptive value of conscious thoughts and emotions
A
functionalism
3
Q
a historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people
A
humanistic psychology
4
Q
the scientific study of the links between biological (genetic, neural, hormonal) and psychological processes
A
biological perspective
5
Q
impact of genes, brian and chemistry on behavior and mental processes
A
biological perspective
6
Q
has a Phd, went to medical school and can prescribe you medication
A
psychiatrist
7
Q
just has a Phd, cannot prescribe you medication
A
psychologist
8
Q
the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it\
A
hindsight bias
9
Q
“I knew it all along”
A
hindsight bias
10
Q
The arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores.
A
mean
11
Q
the extremes/outliers will skew the average/results so they are not included in the research
A
mean
12
Q
The middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it
A
median
13
Q
this measure of central tendency isn’t affected by outliers
A
median
14
Q
The most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution
A
mode
15
Q
A
16
Q
early school of thought promoted by James and influenced by Darwin
A
functionalism
17
Q
focuses on the adaptive value of conscious thought and emotions
A
functionalism
18
Q
what does functionalism enable an organism to do
A
adapt, survive, and flourish
19
Q
a historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people
A
humanistic psychology
20
Q
the scientific study of the links between biological and psychological processes
A
biological perspective
21
Q
impact of genes, brain and chemistry on behavior and mental processes
A
biological perspective
22
Q
what is a psychiatrist
A
has a Phd, went to medical school and can prescribe medication
23
Q
what is a psychologist
A
has a Phd but can not prescribe medication
24
Q
the tendency to believe, after learning and outcome, that one would have foreseen it
A
hindsight bias
25
what phrase goes along with hindsight bias
"I knew it all along"
26
the arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores
mean
27
in this descriptive statistic the extremes/outliers will skew the average/results so they are not included in the research
mean
28
the middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it
median
29
in this descriptive statistic it is not affected by outliers
median
30
the most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution
mode
31
can there be more that one mode
yes
32
a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score
standard deviation
33
in standard deviation do you want it to be high or low in a group
low
34
a statistical statement of how likely is it that an obtained result occurred by chance
statistical significance
35
do you want your results to have occurred by chance
no
36
a neurotransmitters reabsorption by the sending neuron
reuptake
37
a neural impulse; a brief electric charge that travels down an axon
action potential
38
the neuron extension that passes messages through its branches to other neurons or to muscles or glands
axon
39
carries the message away from the cell body; starts chemical turns electrical
axon
40
life support center for that neuron
cell body
41
a neurons bushy, branching extensions that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body
dendrites
42
these are at the start of the neuron and bring the message in
dendrites
43
the end of the neuron
axon terminal
44
threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain genes
chromosomes
45
the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes
heritability
46
the greater the _________ of something the more you have to control ___________
nurture; nature
47
the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time
absolute threshold
48
the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system energies from our environment
sensation
49
the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events
perception
50
conversion of one form of energy into another
conversion
51
transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sound, and smells, into neutral impulses our brain can interpret
transduction
52
a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear, sound waves traveling through the cochlear fluid trigger nerve impulses
cochlea
53
the theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. The "gate" is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers or by info coming from the brain
gate-control theory
54
our awareness of ourselves and our environment
consciousness
55
the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation
REM rebound
56
compulsive craving of drugs or certain behaviors (such as gambling) despite known adverse consequences
addiction
57
drugs that reduce neutral activity and slow down body functions
depressants
58
what type of drugs are these
alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates
depressants
59
drugs that excite neutral activity and speed up bodily functions
stimulants
60
what type of drugs are these
caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine, ecstasy, methamphetamine
stimulants
61
in classical conditioning a learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus
conditioned response
62
an unlearned, naturally occurring response (such as salivation) to an unconditioned stimulus (such as food in the mouth)
unconditioned response
63
in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response
conditioned stimulus
64
in classical conditioning. a stimulus that unconditionally - naturally and automatically - triggers a response
unconditioned stimulus
65
taking away something positive
negative punishment
66
add something bad to stop a behavior
positive punishment
67
what is this an example of,
taking away a teens driving privileges
negative punishment
68
what is this an example of,
getting a ticket for speeding
positive punishment
69
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed
fixed-interval
70
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
variable interval
71
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses
fixed ratio
72
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
variable ratio
73
the processing of information into the memory system
encoding
74
a momentary sensory memory of visual stimulus: a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
iconic memory
75
that eerie sense that "I've experienced this before", cues form the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience
Deja vu
76
a mental image of best example of a category
prototype
77
estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common
availability heuristic
78
judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant info
representativeness heuristic
79
in language the smallest distinctive sound unit
phoneme
80
an aroused, motivated state that is often triggered by a physiological need
drive
81
physiological state that usually triggers motivational arousal
need
82
what creates drive
need
83
a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level
homeostasis
84
for someone to experience emotion they have to have physiological arousal first
James-Lange theory of emotion
85
what is this an example of
a car swerves into your lane so your heart beats faster which causes you to experience fear
James-Lange theory of emotion
86
decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation.
habituation
87
what is this an example of
as infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner
habituation
88
the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects
conservation
89
who was a stage theorist
piaget
90
who was all about social development
Erik Erikson
91
who believed that as we experience new things we want to create new schema, change schema or add to schema
Piaget
92
who thought our cognitive development happened in stages
piaget
93
how many stages did Erikson have
8
94
a study in which a group of different ages are compared with one another
cross-sectional
95
what type of study is it if you take an 8 year old, 18 year old, and a 68 year old, and study/compare their intelligence
cross-sectional study
96
research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period
longitudinal study
97
true or false
when longitudinal studies are done on people intelligence they see that it remains stable
true
98
true or false
when cross-sectional studies are done on people intelligence they see that it remains stable
false
99
an individuals characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
personality
100
overestimating others noticing and evaluating of our appearance, performance, and blunders
spotlight effect
101
what is it called when we always think everyone is paying attention to us
spotlight effect
102
a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a persons total score
factor analysis
103
what can help us distinguish if intelligence is a single trait or multiple traits
factor analysis
104
defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group
standardized test
105
a disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts and/or actions
obsessive-compulsive disorder
106
a disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found
conversion disorder
107
who was a humanistic therapist
Carl Rogers
108
who developed client-centered therapy
Carl rogers
109
what is active listening apart of
client-centered therapy
110
