Unit 6 - Learning

Question 1

a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience

Answer 1

learning

Question 2

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

Answer 2

classical conditioning

Question 3

in classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus

• ex, pavlov’s dog salivating to the tone/bell

Answer 3

conditioned response

Question 4

an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response

• ex. the white rat shown to little albert makes him scared after the experiment

Answer 4

conditioned stimulus

Question 5

in classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response (such as salivation) to an unconditioned stimulus (such as taste of food)

Answer 5

unconditioned response

Question 6

a stimulus that unconditionally - naturally and automatically - triggers a response

Answer 6

unconditioned stimulus

Question 7

the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

Answer 7

discrimination

Question 8

occurs when a conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with a unconditioned stimulus

Answer 8

extinction

Question 9

the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for a stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

• ex, little albert fearing all furry objects

Answer 9

generalization

Question 10

associating a conditioned stimulus with a new neutral stimulus to create a second conditioned stimulus

Answer 10

higher order conditioning

Question 11

the reappearance, after a time lapse, of an extinguished conditioned response

Answer 11

spontaneous recovery

Question 12

refers to the tendency to repeat behaviors that are rewarded, and for behaviors that are followed by unfavorable consequences to become less likely

Thorndike’s principle

Answer 12

law of effect

Question 13

the process of reinforcing successively closer approximations to a desired behavior

Answer 13

shaping

Question 14

an event that increases the frequency of the behavior that it follows

Answer 14

reinforcer

Question 15

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforce or diminished if followed by a punisher

Answer 15

operant conditioning

Question 16

any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response

Answer 16

positive reinforcer

Question 17

any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response

Answer 17

negative reinforcer

Question 18

unlearned and innately satisfying

Answer 18

primary reinforcer

Question 19

learned

Answer 19

conditioned reinforcer

Question 20

reinforcing the response every time it occurs

Answer 20

continuous reinforcement

Question 21

reinforcing a response only part of the time

• gambling

Answer 21

partial reinforcement

Question 22

a response is reinforced only after a specified time period has elapsed

Answer 22

fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement

Question 23

a response is reinforced only after specified number of responses have been made

Answer 23

fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement

Question 24

a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

Answer 24

variable-interval schedule of reinforcement

Question 25

reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses - purchasing lottery tickets

Answer 25

variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement

Question 26

decreases a behavior when an aversive stimulus is added

Answer 26

positive punishment

Question 27

decreases a behavior when a rewarding stimulus is removed

Answer 27

negative punishment

Question 28

increases a behavior when a desirable stimulus is added

Answer 28

positive reinforcement

Question 29

increases a behavior when an aversive stimulus is removed

Answer 29

negative reinforcement

Question 30

electronically recording, amplifying, and displaying information regarding subtle physiological responses

Answer 30

biofeedback

Question 31

a mental representation of the layout of ones environment

Answer 31

cognitive maps

Question 32

a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

Answer 32

extrinsic motivation

Question 33

desire to engage in an activity for the sake of its own enjoyment

Answer 33

intrinsic motivation

Question 34

a sudden realization of a problems solution

Answer 34

insight

Question 35

the perception that chance or outside forced beyond our personal control determine our fate

Answer 35

external locus of control

Question 36

perception that one can strongly influence the outcome and destiny of one's own life

Answer 36

internal locus of control

Question 37

the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

Answer 37

learned helplessness

Question 38

learning by observing others - social learning

Answer 38

observational learning

Question 39

frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing another do so

Answer 39

mirror neurons

Question 40

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior - ex, children imitating what they see on TV

Answer 40

modeling

Question 41

an organisms decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it

Answer 41

habituation

Question 42

learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning)

Answer 42

associative learning

Question 43

an event or situation that evokes a response

Answer 43

stimulus

Question 44

the acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language

Answer 44

cognitive learning

Question 45

the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes. most research psychologists agree with the first one and not the second one

Answer 45

behaviorism

Question 46

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

Answer 46

neutral stimulus

Question 47

In classical conditioning, the initial stage when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. in operant conditioning the strengthening of a reinforced response

Answer 47

acquisition

Question 48

contains a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animals rate of bar pressing or key pecking

Answer 48

operant chamber

Question 49

any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

Answer 49

reinforcement

Question 50

a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement

Answer 50

discriminative stimulus

Question 51

a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced

Answer 51

reinforcement schedule

Question 52

an event that tends to decrease the behavior that it follows

Answer 52

punishment

Question 53

behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

Answer 53

respondent behavior

Question 54

behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences

Answer 54

operant behavior

Question 55

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it in

Answer 55

latent learning

Question 56

alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods

Answer 56

coping