Final - Urinary

Question 1

urinary system

Answer 1

…specifically the kidneys maintain the purity and

chemical constancy of the blood and other extracellular body fluids

Question 2

the kidneys filters

Answer 2

many liters of fluid from the blood, sending
toxins, metabolic wastes, excess water, and excess ions out of the
body in urine while returning needed substances back to the blood.

Question 3

three main wastes products

Answer 3

urea
uric acid
creatine

Question 4

the kidneys also regulate

Answer 4

the
volume and chemical makeup
of the blood

Question 5

3 other parts of urinary system

Answer 5

paired ureters
urinary bladder
urethra

Question 6

paired ureters

Answer 6

tube-like structure that transports urine from the

kidneys to the bladder

Question 7

urinary bladder

Answer 7

: provides a temporary storage reservoir for urine

Question 8

urethra

Answer 8

: tube-like structure that transports urine from the bladder out
of the body

Question 9

the kidneys lie

Answer 9

“retroperitoneal” (behind the parietal peritoneum) in

the superior lumbar region of the posterior abdominal wall

Question 10

the kidney extends

Answer 10

d from the level of the 11th/12th thoracic vertebrae to

the 3rd lumbar vertebrae

Question 11

the right kidney

Answer 11

is crowded by the liver and lies` slightly inferior to

the left kidney

Question 12

renal hilus

Answer 12

a vertical cleft located on the medial surface where renal
blood vessels, ureters, lymphatics and nerves enter and leave the
kidney

Question 13

the several layers of supportive tissue surround each kidney

Answer 13

renal capsule
adipose capsulle
pararenal fat

Question 14

renal capsule

Answer 14

A thin layer of dense C.T. adheres directly to the
kidney’s surface…maintaining its shape and forming a barrier that can
inhibit the spread of infection from the surrounding regions.

Question 15

adipose capsule

Answer 15

Consists of perirenal fat and just external to that

is an envelope of renal fasci

Question 16

pararenal fat

Answer 16

Lies external and mostly posterior to the renal fascia.

Question 17

perirenal and pararenal fat layers function to

Answer 17

cushion the
kidney against blows
and help hold the kidney
in place.

Question 18

frontal section shows two distinct regions of kidney tissue

Answer 18

cortex

medulla

Question 19

kidney cortex

Answer 19

: The superficial cortex region is light in color and has a

granular appearance.

Question 20

kidney medulla

Answer 20

Deep to the cortex is the darker renal medulla, which
consists of cone-shaped masses called medullary pyramids or renal
pyramids.

Question 21

the broad base of each pyramid abuts the? and the pyraid’s apex points?

Answer 21

cortex

internally

Question 22

renal columns

Answer 22

inward
extensions of the renal
cortex…separate adjacent
pyramids

Question 23

the kidney has how many lobes?

Answer 23

5-11 lobes…each of which is a single renal pyramid

plus the cortical tissue that surrounds that pyramid.

Question 24

renal sinus

Answer 24

large “filled space” within the medial part of the kidney

opening to the exterior through the renal hilus.

Question 25

renal sinus contains

Answer 25

the renal vessels and nerves, some fat, and the urine | carrying tubes called the renal calices and renal pelvis.

Question 26

renal pelvis

Answer 26

a flat, funnel-shaped expansion of the ureter

Question 27

branching extention of the renal pelvis form

Answer 27

m two or three major calices…each of which divides to from several minor calices, cupshaped tubes that enclose the papillae of the pyramids

Question 28

renal path

Answer 28

Renal papillae → Minor calyx → Major calyx → Renal pelvis → Ureter → Bladder → Urethra → Outside of body

Question 29

uriniferous tubules

Answer 29

are the main structural and functional unit of | the kidney.

Question 30

uriniferous tubules are composed of

Answer 30

nephron | collecting duct

Question 31

nephron consists of

Answer 31

Renal corpuscle, a proximal convoluted tubule, a loop of Henle, and a distal convoluted tubule

Question 32

collecting duct

Answer 32

involved in concentrating urine by removing water from it

Question 33

the uriniferous tubule is lined by?

Answer 33

a simple epithelium

Question 34

urineferous tubules produce

Answer 34

``` urine though three interacting mechanisms: filtration reabsorption secretion ```

Question 35

filtration

Answer 35

a filtrate of the blood leaves the kidney capillaries and enters the nephron

Question 36

reabsorption

Answer 36

``` most of the nutrients, water, and essential ions are recovered from the filtrate and returned to the blood of capillaries in the surrounding connective tissue. ```

Question 37

secretion

Answer 37

The remaining wastes contribute to the urine that leaves the body.

Question 38

a nephron is

Answer 38

the basic structural and functional unit of the kidney.

Question 39

nephron chief function

Answer 39

to regulate the concentration of water and soluble substances like sodium salts by filtering the blood, reabsorbing what is needed and excreting the rest as urine

Question 40

renal corpuscle

Answer 40

The first part of the nephron, occurs strictly in the | cortex

Question 41

renal corpuscle consists of

Answer 41

a tuft of capillaries called a glomerulus plus a glomerular capsule (Bowman's capsule).

Question 42

the purpose of the renal corpuscle is

Answer 42

to extract the renal filtrate (it is not yet | to be called urine) from blood.

Question 43

the glomeral endothelium is

Answer 43

``` fenestrated allowing large quantities of fluid and small molecules to pass from the capillary blood into the hollow interior of the glomerular capsule…the capsular space. ```

Question 44

glomerulus

Answer 44

``` The minute convoluted capillary network in between the afferent arteriole and the efferent arteriole. ```

Question 45

the glomerulus is contained within

Answer 45

the Bowman's capsule (glomerular capsule)

Question 46

bowman's capsule (aka glomerular capsule)

Answer 46

an expanded end of the renal tubule. -It contains the glomerulus (capillary network).

Question 47

the inner layer and outer layer of bowman's capsule

Answer 47

-The inner layer is very porous to extract and absorb plasma from the glomerulus. -The outer layer is impermeable to contain the plasma that has been extracted

Question 48

renal tubule

Answer 48

a) proximal convoluted tubule, b) loop of Henle, c) | distal convoluted tubule and d) collecting tubule.

Question 49

proximal tubule

Answer 49

composed of cuboidal cells with numerous microvilli and mitochondria; reabsorbs water and solutes from filtrate and secretes substances into it the Loop of Henle - Confined entirely to the renal cortex

Question 50

the loop of henle

Answer 50

is the portion of the nephron that leads from the proximal convoluted tubule to the distal convoluted tubule. The loop has a hairpin bend in the renal medulla

Question 51

main function of looop of henle

Answer 51

to reabsorb water and ions | from the urine

Question 52

distal convoluted tubule

Answer 52

cuboidal cells without microvilli that function more in secretion than reabsorption - Confined to the renal cortex.

Question 53

the collecting duct system receive urine from

Answer 53

several nephrons and | runs straight through the cortex into the deep medulla

Question 54

the collecting duct system concentrates urine

Answer 54

ADH hormone increases permeability of the | collecting tubules and distal tubules to water

Question 55

at the apex of the pyramid

Answer 55

, adjacent collecting tubules join to form | larger papillary ducts, which empty into the minor calices

Question 56

the two categories of nephrons divided according to location

Answer 56

cortical nephrons | juxtamedullary nephrons

Question 57

cortical nephrons

Answer 57

85% of nephrons; located in the cortex (except | for a small part of the Loop of Henle that dip into the medulla)

Question 58

juxtamedullary nephrons

Answer 58

15% are located at the cortex-medulla junction, have loops of Henle that deeply invade the medulla, have extensive thin segments, are involved in the production of concentrated urine

Question 59

afferent arterioles

Answer 59

are a group of blood vessels that supply the nephrons in many excretory systems

Question 60

afferent arteriole branch from

Answer 60

the renal artery and feed | the glomerular capillaries.

Question 61

which has larger diameter? afferent or efferent arteriole

Answer 61

afferent arteriole

Question 62

efferent arteriole

Answer 62

``` The arteriole that carries the concentrated blood (more cells, less plasma) away from the glomerulus and to the peritubular capillaries ```

Question 63

peritubular capillaries

Answer 63

``` The network of low pressure and porous capillaries that surround lie in the interstitial C.T. of the renal cortex, clinging closely to the convoluted tubules and empty into nearby venules ```

Question 64

function of peritubular capillaries

Answer 64

reabsorb some of the nutrients and plasma that were extracted in the Bowman's capsule

Question 65

vasa recta

Answer 65

: hairpin looping vessels that descend into the medulla, | running alongside the loops of Henle

Question 66

the right and left ureters

Answer 66

are muscular ducts (~10 inches) that | propel urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.

Question 67

ureters begin.

Answer 67

``` -Each begins at the level of L2, as a continuation of the renal pelvis. -Descends retroperitoneally through the abdomen and enters the bladder through the posterior wall ```

Question 68

the distal ends of ureters

Answer 68

close in response to any increase of pressure with in the bladder to prevent backflow of urine

Question 69

three basic layersof ureters

Answer 69

mucosa muscularis adventitia

Question 70

mucosa | ureters

Answer 70

``` : composed of a transitional epithelium that stretches when the ureters fill with urine and a lamina propria composed of a stretchy, fibroelastic C.T ```

Question 71

muscularis | ureters

Answer 71

``` : consists of two layers…an inner longitudinal layer and an outer circular layer of smooth muscle ```

Question 72

adventita | ureters

Answer 72

external wall | made up of a typical C.T

Question 73

ureters actively

Answer 73

propel urine to the bladder via response to smooth | muscle stretch

Question 74

urinary bladder

Answer 74

smooth, collapsible, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine (up to 1000 ml = 1 liter) -It lies retroperitoneally on the pelvic floor posterior to the pubic symphysis

Question 75

urinary bladder position male and female

Answer 75

- Males: prostate gland surrounds the neck inferiorly | - Females: anterior to the vagina and uterus

Question 76

trigone

Answer 76

triangular region on the posterior wall outlined by the openings for the ureters and the urethra -Clinically important because infections tend to persist in this region

Question 77

the three layers of the walls of the bladder

Answer 77

mucosa muscular layer adventitia

Question 78

bladder mucosa

Answer 78

transitional epithelium and a lamina propria

Question 79

bladder muscular layer

Answer 79

``` thick detrusor muscle; consist of smooth muscle fibers arranged in inner and outer longitudinal layers and a middle circular layer…Contraction squeezes urine from the bladder during urination ```

Question 80

bladder adventitia

Answer 80

fibrous ct

Question 81

the bladder is

Answer 81

s distensible and collapses when empty • As urine accumulates, the bladder expands without significant rise in internal pressure

Question 82

urethra

Answer 82

is a thinwalled that drains urine from the bladder and conveys it out of the body

Question 83

urthra has

Answer 83

``` excretory function in both sexes to pass urine to the outside, and also a reproductive function in the male, as a passage for semen. ```

Question 84

sphincters keep the urethra

Answer 84

a closed when urine is not being passed

Question 85

internal urethral sphincter

Answer 85

: involuntary sphincter at the bladderurethra | junction

Question 86

external urethral sphincter

Answer 86

: voluntary sphincter surrounding the | urethra as it passes through the urogenital diaphragm

Question 87

levator ani muscle

Answer 87

voluntary urethral sphincter

Question 88

the lenght and functions of urethra differ in?

Answer 88

two sexes | male and female

Question 89

female urethra

Answer 89

: the urethra is just 1.5 inches longmand isbound to the anterior wall of the vagina by C.T. - The urethra opens to the outside at the external urethral orifice.

Question 90

males urethra

Answer 90

the urethra is about 8 inches and three named regions prostatic urethra membranous urethra spongy(penile) urethra

Question 91

prosttic urethra

Answer 91

2.5 cm long and runs in the prostate gland

Question 92

membranous urethra

Answer 92

2.5 cm long and runs through the urogenital diaphragm

Question 93

spongy (penile) urethra

Answer 93

``` 15 cm long, passes through the entire penis. and opens at the tip of the penis via the external urethral orifice ```

Question 94

micturition

Answer 94

- voiding or urination the act of emptying the bladder -Caused by the contraction of the bladder’s detrusor muscle, assisted by the muscles of the abdominal wall.

Question 95

micturition controlled by?

Answer 95

``` the brain… Distension of bladder walls stimulates stretch receptors that initiate spinal reflexes at the sacral region that stimulate contraction of the external urethral sphincter and inhibit the detrusor muscle and internal sphincter (temporarily) ```