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anatomy > Test 4 Blood > Flashcards

Test 4 Blood Flashcards

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1
Q

The human circulatory system is subdivided into…

A

the cardiovascular system

the lymphatic system

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2
Q

is cardiovascular system closed or open?

A

closed

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3
Q

blood

A

is the fluid in the vessels of the cardiovascular system…it
transports everything that must be carried from one place to another in
the body.

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4
Q

blood circulation is powered by?

A

the pumping action of the heart

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5
Q

function of blood?

A 
carries things
throughout the body: respiratory gases,
nutrients, waste, hormones, cells of the
immune system and helps body regulate
temperature
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6
Q

The average volume of blood in the body is about…

A

5-6 L in adult males

4-5 L in adult females

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7
Q

composition of blood

- Classified as a type of connective tissue because

A

it consists of

cellular and liquid components…

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8
Q

cellular and lliquid components of blood

A
  • A nonliving fluid matrix called the plasma
  • Formed elements: Living cells (erythrocytes, leukocytes, and
    thrombocytes) suspended in the plasma
  • NO Fibers (fibrin threads visible when clotting occurs)
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9
Q

spinning blood in a centrifuge

A
  • withdraw blood and place in tube
  • centrifuge
  • divided to:
    • top - Plasma 55% of whole blood

Formed elements
– middle: buffy coat - leukocytes and platelets (

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10
Q

Buffy coat

A

contains leukocytes and platelets

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11
Q

hematocrit

A

the percentage of the blood volume that consists of

erythrocytes (averages 45%; males 47% ±5% and females 42% ± 5%

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12
Q

Blood Plasma

A

• Over 100 different substances are dissolved in suspended in plasma
(90% water): ions, nutrients, gases, hormones, wastes, metabolites,
electrolytes, and proteins

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13
Q

the composition of plasma varies continuously as

A

cells and

substances are added and/or removed from the blood.

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14
Q

plasma 55%

A 
Water (90% of
plasma)
Proteins
Salts (e.g.,
sodium,
potassium,
calcium)
Substances being
transported (e.g., 02,
CO2, nutrients, wastes,
hormones)
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15
Q

Cellular elements 45%

A

RBC
WBC
Platelets

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16
Q

Red Blood Cells

A

erythrocytes

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17
Q

White Blood cells

A

Leukocytes

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18
Q

Plateleets

A

thrombocytes

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19
Q

Plasma contains three main types of proteins

A

albumin
globulins
fibrinogen

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20
Q

albumin

A

contributes to plasma
osmotic pressure, which helps keep water
from diffusion out of the blood-stream
into the extracellular matrix of tissues

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21
Q

globulins

A

include both antibodies
and blood proteins that transport
lipids, iron, and copper.

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22
Q

fibrinogen

A

functions in clotting

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23
Q

The three types of formed elements present in blood

A

RBC
WBC
Platelets

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24
Q

function of formed elements in blood cells

A 
-Transport oxygen and a
small percentage of carbon
dioxide
-Part of the body’s
nonspecific defenses and the
immune system
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25
hemostatis
blood clot formation
26
Which formed elements is considered true cells and why?
- Only leukocytes are considered true cells • Neither erythrocytes (which lack nuclei and organelles) nor platelets (which are cell fragments) are true cells.
27
most of the blood cells cannot divide, they
they survive in the bloodstream for only a short time (hours → months) before being replaced by the division of precursor cells in the bone marrow.
28
Erythrocytes
Oxygen-transporting cells – 7.5 µm in diameter -Live 100–120 days and originate in the bone marrow -Most numerous of the formed elements (females: 4.3–5.2 million cells/mm3 and Males: 5.2–5.8 million cells/mm3 (~25 trillion total) -Mature RBCs have no organelles or nuclei…Instead their cytoplasm is filled with hemoglobin – an oxygen-carrying protein
29
RBC surface area: volume?
higher
30
erythrocytes pick up oxygen at?
t the lung capillaries and release it | across other tissue capillaries throughout the body.
31
erythrocytes special structural characteristics contributes to?
o their respiratory | function
32
Without organelles and discounting water, RBCs are
e 97% | hemoglobin (Each RBC contains ~280 million hemoglobins!!!)
33
RBC's biconcave shape
30% more surface area for rapid diffusion | of oxygen
34
RBCs generate their energy
anaerobically…thereby conserving any | oxygen they pick up
35
Leukocytes
``` Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Lymphocytes Monocytes ```
36
Leukocytes WBCs
s are the only formed elements that are complete cells, with the usual organelles and prominent nuclei. - Less numerous than erythrocytes… 4,800 to 11,000 leukocytes/mm3
37
Function of Leukocytes
protects the body from infectious microorganism
38
Leukocytes function outside the
the bloodstream in the loose connective | tissue, where infections occur.
39
Diapedesis
process of circulating leukocytes leaving the capillaries
40
The five types of leukocytes are divided into?
two groups based on | the presence or absence of membrane-bound cytoplasmic granules
41
Granulocytes
Neutrophil Eosinophil Basophil
42
Agranulocytes
Monocyte | Lymphocyte
43
Neutrophils
-Most numerous WBC (60% of WBCs) -Nucleus – has two to six interconnected lobes -Granules contain digestive enzymes that specifically destroy the cell walls of bacteria
44
Function of Neutrophils
Phagocytize and destroy bacteria; first line of defense in | an inflammatory response
45
Eosinophils
- Compose 1–4% of all WBCs - Nucleus – has two lobes interconnected by a broad band. - Granules contain digestive enzymes (not specific for bacteria).
46
Eosinophils Function
Play roles in ending 1) allergic reactions by phagocytosing allergens and 2) parasitic infections by releasing parasite-digesting enzymes, esp. in the digestive system
47
Basophils:
- About 0.5% of all leukocytes = rarest - Nucleus – usually two lobes - Weakly phagocytic
48
Basophils Function
: Granules secrete histamines (function in mediating | inflammation) during allergic responses and parasitic infections
49
Lymphocytes
- Compose 20–45% of WBCs | - Nucleus – spherical; occupies most of the cell volume
50
Lymphocytes Function
The most important cells of the immune system; most are found in lymphoid tissue; effective in fighting infectious organisms; act against a specific foreign molecule (antigen)
51
Two main classes of lymphocytes
T Cells | B cells
52
T cells
(killer T-lymphocytes): attack foreign eukaryotic cells directly; bind to antigen-bearing cells and punch holes in its membrane…which triggers apoptosis
53
B cells
: multiply to become plasma cells that secrete antibodies (proteins that mark specific antigens for destruction by macrophages); mostly attack bacteria and bacterial toxins
54
A third class of lymphocytes
Natural Killer cells: attack cells that lack “self” surface molecules
55
Monocytes
- Compose 4–8% of WBCs - The largest leukocytes - Nucleus – kidney shaped -Transform into macrophages… phagocytic cells that possess pseudopods and ingest a wide variety of foreign cells, molecules, and tiny pieces of debris
56
Platelets
- thrombocytes Disc-shaped, plasma membrane-enclosed fragments of cytoplasm that form by breaking off from larger cells called megakaryocyte
57
platelets function
: in clotting of blood by adhering to collagen near the edges of tears in blood vessels and by releasing chemicals that attract clotting proteins, cause vasoconstriction, and initiate inflammation
58
Hematopoiesis
``` the process by which blood cells are formed; begins in the early embryo and continues throughout life ```
59
all blood cells originate in
the bone marrow, at a rate of | 100 billion new cells a day
60
Bone marrow
located within all bones
61
red marrow
``` actively generates new blood cells; Contains immature erythrocytes; remains in proximal epiphyses of humerus and femur, girdles, and axial skeleton in adulthood ```
62
yellow marrow
``` dormant (makes blood cells only in emergencies); Contains many fat cells and is located in the medullary cavities of long bones of adults ```
63
Blood cell formation | Hematopoiesis all originate from?
``` a blood stem cell…a pluripotential hematopoetic stem cell, which divide continuously and make 2 types of progenitor cells ```
64
the two types of progenitor cells
a) Lymphoid stem cells: give rise to lymphocytes b) Myeloid stem cells: give rise to all other blood cells

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