Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

anatomy > Final Endocrine system > Flashcards

Final Endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine system composed of two parts

A

endocrine orgaans

hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

pure endocrine organs

A

a) Pituitary gland: base of the brain
b) Pineal gland: roof of the diencephalon
c) Thyroid and parathyroid glands: neck
d) Adrenal glands: superior kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

endocrine organs cntained within orgains of other body systems

A

a) Pancreas
b) Thymus
c) Gonads
d) Hypothalmus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

hypothalmus

A

considered a
“neuroendocrine” organ because it
produces hormones in addition to
performing its nervous functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the origin of most endocrine glands?

A

epithelium cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

endocrine glands are richly supplied with?

A

blood and lymphatic vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

endocrine cells are typically arranged in ? and why?

A

small clusters, cords, or
branching networks
- greater surface area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

most hormones belong to one of two broad molecular categories, what are they?

A

amino-based molecules

steroid molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

amino based molecules

A

Modified amino acids, peptides, and

proteins (e.g. insuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

steroid molecules

A

: Lipid molecules derived from cholesterol (e.g.

testosterone).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

basic hormone a ttion

A

Circulate → Leave the bloodstream @ the capillaries → Encounters all tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

a given hormone influences only specific tissue cells, called

A

target cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

targe cells have

A

e receptor molecules in or on target cells to which that
particular hormone can bind. Once binding has occurred, the target cell reacts in
a preprogrammed way

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

hormones are just

A

molecular triggers–they do not carry any coded
information (the same hormone can have different effects on different target
cells).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

pituitary gland

A
  • hypophysis
  • Sits in the hypophyseal fossa of the sphenoid bone and secretes at
    least nine major hormones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

infundibulum

A

funnel-shaped stalk

connecting the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

the basic divisions of the pituitary gland

A

adenohypophysis

neurohypophysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

adenohypophysis

A

: anterior division made up of glandular tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

neurohypophsis

A

: posterior division made up of neural tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

adenohypophysis

- pars distalis

A 
- contains five different types of endocrine cells that make and
secrete protein hormones::
somatrotrophic cells
mammotropic cells
thyroptropic cells
corticotropic cells
gonqadrotropic cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

somatotropic cells

A

secretes growth hormone (GH), which stimulates the

growth of the entire bod

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

mammotropic cells

A 
secretes prolactin (PRL), which stimulates the manufacture
of milk by the breasts.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

thyrotropic cells

A

secretes thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which prompts

the thyroid gland to secrete thyroid hormone, ultimately controlling metabolic rate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

corticotropic cells

A

secretes adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which
stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete hormones that help people cope with stress
and melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), which stimulates melanocytes to
produce melanin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
gonadotropic cells
secretes follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). FSH and LH (gonadotropins) act on the gonads, stimulating the maturation of sex cells
26
adenohypophysis | - hypothalmus of the brain secretes
``` releasing hormones (releasing factors) inhibiting hormones ```
27
releasing hormones (releasing factors)
prompt the cells in the | adenohypophysis to release their hormones
28
inhibiting hormones
t turn off the secretion of hormones of the | adenohypophysis.
29
there are distinct releasing and inhibiting hormones released by the hypothalmus for
for almost every adenohypophyseal hormone
30
the brain controls:
the large | and important endocrine glands via two pathwyas
31
the hypothalmus controls the secretion of hormones by?
the adenohypophysis.
32
they adenohypophysis controls the secretion of homones by?
by the thyroid | gland, the adrenal cortex, and the gonads.
33
the neurohypophysis has three subdivions | inf -> sup
a) Pars nervosa (posterior lobe) b) Infundibular stalk c) Median eminence - cone shaped
34
The neurohypophysis is structurally
part of the brain and consists of | nervous tissue that contains unmyelinated axons and neuroglial cells
35
function of neurophypohysis
stores and releases two peptide hormones produced in the hypothalamus: antidiuretic hormone ADH and oxytocin
36
antidiuretic hormone ADH
targets the collecting ducts and distal tubules in the kidney, which reabsorb more water from the urine
37
oxytocin
induces contraction of the smooth musculature of reproductive organs in males and females (uterus during childbirth)
38
both antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin cause a desire to?
o cuddle, groom and bond with a mate.
39
thyroid gland location
located anterior to the trachea just inferior to the | larynx; the largest endocrine gland
40
thyroid gland has
two lateral lobes connected by a median bridge called the | isthmus.
41
thyroid gland produces two hormones
thyroid hormone TH and calcitonin
42
thyroid hormone TH
: affects many target cells throughout the body; increases the basal metabolic rate (the rate at which the body uses oxygen to transform nutrients into energy) of cells.
43
what releases TsH and it results in?
-The pituitary gland releases TSH which | ultimately results in the release of TH.
44
calcitonin
lowers calcium blood levels by a) slowing the calcium-releasing activity of osteoclasts in bones and b) increasing the calcium secretion by the kidney
45
calcitinon function in adults
-No function in adults; acts mostly during | childhood when the skeleton grows quickly
46
parathyroid gland
distinct glands that lie on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland - - Most people have two pairs; varies among individuals
47
parathyroid gland contains
thick, branching cords composed of two types of endocrine cells: chief cells oxyphil cells
48
chief cells of parathyroid gland
``` small and abundant; produce a hormone called parathyroid hormone (PTH), ```
49
PTH increases the blood calcium concentration by?
TH increases the blood calcium concentration by the following: a) Stimulating osteoclasts to release Ca2+ from bone b) Decreasing the secretion of Ca2+ by the kidney c) Activating vitamin D (uptake of Ca2+ by the intestine)
50
oxyphil cells
rare; function unknown
51
adrenal (suprarenal) glands
perched on the superior surface of | the kidneys
52
each adrenal gland is two endocrine glands in one
adrenal medulla | adrenal cortex
53
adrenal medulla
nervous tissue that acts as part of the | sympathetic division of the ANS.
54
adrenal cortex
: surrounds the medulla; forms the bulk of the gland
55
adrenal medulla contains
contains the chromaffin cells (neurons) that secrete the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine into the blood to enhance the “fight or flight” response.
56
adrenal cortex secretes
``` a variety of steroid hormones; contains three distinct layers (external → internal): ```
57
adrenal cortex: the three distinct layer
zona glomerulosa zona fasciculatata zona reticularis
58
zona glomerulosa
contains cells | arranged in spherical clusters
59
zona fasciculata
contains cells arranged in parallel cords and an abundance of lipid droplets
60
zona reticularis
contains cells that are | arranged in a branching network
61
The adrenal cortex secretes two main classes of corticosteroid hormones:
mineralocorticoids | glocucorticoids
62
mineralocorticoids
``` The main example is aldosterone, which is secreted by the zona glomerulosa in response to a decline in either blood pressure or blood volume ```
63
Aldosterone prompts the distal and collecting tubules in the kidney to
reabsorb | more sodium into the blood.
64
glucocorticoids
``` The main type is cortisol, which is secreted by the zona fasciculata and zona reticularis to help the body deal with stressful situations (fasting, anxiety, trauma, crowding, and infection). ```
65
glucocorticoids keeps the blood glucose level? and?
``` the blood glucose levels high enough to support the brain’s activities. - and Redirect circulating lymphocytes to lymphoid and peripheral tissues. ```
66
pineal gland (pineal body)
: small, pine cone-shaped structure The Pineal Gland - Contains endocrine cells called pinealocytes that secrete the hormone melatonin, which helps regulate circadian rhythms (a 24-hr cycle in biochemical, physiological, or behavioral processes).
67
pancreas
: contains both exocrine (acinar cells) and endocrine cells.
68
islets of langerhans
~1 million; spherical bodies that contain the | endocrine cells of the pancreas
69
in each islet..
the endocrine cells are arranged in twisted, branching | cords separated by capillaries.
70
• Alpha (α) cells (A cells): secrete
glucagon, a hormone that signals liver cells to release glucose from their liver stores thus raising blood sugar levels when they fall too low.
71
• Beta (β) cells (B cells): secrete
insulin, a hormone that signals most cells of the body to take up glucose from the blood and promotes the storage of glucose as glycogen in the liver thus lowering blood sugar levels
72
thymus
Located in the lower neck and anterior thorax. -Immune system organ where T lymphocytes arise from lymphocyte-precursor cells
73
thymic hormones
``` ssecreted by reticular cells; peptide hormones (examples: thymopoietin and thymosin); T lymphocytes gain their immunocompetence. ```
74
gonads
testes and ovaries; the main source of the steroid sex hormones
75
testes
``` : interstitial cells secrete androgens (primarily testosterone), which maintain the reproductive organs, the male sex characteristics, and promotes the formation of sperm ```
76
ovaries
``` follicular granulosa cells and the corpus luteum secrete estrogens (maintains the reproductive organs and the female sex characteristics) and progesterone (signals the uterus to prepare for pregnancy). ```
77
heart
produces atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), which reduces blood pressure, blood volume, and blood sodium concentration
78
gastrointestinal tract
enteroendrocrine cells release local-acting digestive | hormones
79
placenta
: releases hormones that influence the coarse of pregnancy
80
kidneys
``` secrete erthropoietin (EPO), which signals the production of red blood cells ```
81
skin
: produces cholecalciferol, the precursor of vitamin D
82
adipose tissue
: releases leptin, which is involved in the sensation of | satiety, and stimulates increased energy expenditure.

anatomy (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions