Ch 3 lecture Tissues Flashcards
(241 cards)
1
Q
- Tissues
A
a. Groups of closely associated cells that perform related function and are similar in structure
2
Q
- What are the four major categories of tissues
A
a. Epithelial
b. Connective
c. Muscle
d. Nervous
3
Q
- Histology
A
a. The study of tissues
b. Provides the structural basis for a study of organ physiology
4
Q
- What is an epithelium
A
a. F
5
Q
- Epithelia
A
a. The tissues that covers the external body surface (epidermis), lines it cavities and tubules
b. “marks off our insides from our outsides.”
6
Q
- Are glands epithelium?
A
a. Yes
b. Since glands develop from epithelial membranes they are also classed as epithelium
7
Q
- What are some functions of epithelium?
A
a. Protection, absorption, filtration, secretion and sensory reception
8
Q
- What are the unique characteristics of epithelial tissues
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a. Cellularity, special contacts, polarity, supported by connective tissue, avascular but innervated, high regenerative capacity
9
Q
- Cellularity
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a. Composed almost entirely of cells
10
Q
- Special contacts
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a. Form continuous sheets held together by tight junctions and desmosomes
11
Q
- Polarity
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a. Apical (upper free)
b. Basal (lower attached) surfaces
12
Q
- Supported by connective tissue
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a. Reticular and basal laminae (basement membrane)
13
Q
- Avascular but innervated
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a. A
14
Q
- High regenerative capacity
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a. Rapidly replaces lost cells by cell division
15
Q
- Epithelia are classified according to two criteria
A
a. Arrangement or relative number of layers (first name of tissue)
b. Cell shape (last name if tissue
16
Q
- Arrangement of epithelia?
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a. Simple and stratified
17
Q
b. Simple
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i. Consisting of one layer of cells attached to the basement membrane
18
Q
c. Stratified
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i. Consisting of two or more layers of cells
19
Q
- Types of epithelia
A
simple, cuboidal, columnar
20
Q
a. Squamous
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i. Cells wider than tall (plate-like)
ii. Nuclei top
21
Q
b. Cuboidal
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i. Cells are as wide as tall (cube-like)
ii. Nuclei middle
22
Q
c. Columnar
A
i. Cells are taller than they are wide (column-like)
ii. Nuclei bottom
23
Q
- Stratified epithelia are named?
A
a. According to the cells at the apical surface of the epithelial membrane, not those resting on the basement membrane
24
Q
- Pseudostratified epithelium
A
a. Simple columnar epithelium
b. Cells vary in height and nuclei lie at different levels above the basement membrane
c. Ciliated
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22. Transitional epithelium
a. Stratified squamous epithelium are formed of rounded, or “plump” cells with the ability to slide over one another to allow the organ to be stretched
b. Only found in urinary system organs
i. Bladder
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24. Simple squamous epithelium
a. A single layer of flat cells with disc shaped nuclei and sparse cytoplasm
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25. Function of simple squamous epithelium
a. Passage of materials by passive diffusion and filtration and secretes lubricating substances in serosae (membranes)
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26. Special types of simple squamous epithelium
a. Endothelium
| b. Mesothelium
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27. Endothelium
a. Inner covering
| b. Slick lining of hollow organs
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28. Mesothelium
a. Middle covering
b. Lines peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities
c. Covers visceral organs of those cavities
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29. Simple squamous epithelium location
a. Renal corpuscles, alveoli of lungs, lining of heart, blood and lymphatic vessels, lining of ventral body cavity (serosae)
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30. Simple cuboidal epithelia
a. Single layer of cube-like cells with large, spherical central nuclei
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31. Functions of simple cuboidal epithelium
a. Secretion and absorption
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32. Location of simple cuboidal epithelial
a. Kidney tubules, secretory portion of small glands, ovary surface
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33. Simple columnar epithelia
a. Single layer of column-shaped (rectangular) cells witih oval nuclei
b. Some bear cilia at their apical surface
c. May contain goblet (mucus secreting) cells
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34. Simple columnar epithelia functions
a. Absorption
| b. Secretion of mucus, ion transport, ciliated type propels mucus or reproductive cells by ciliary action
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35. Location of simple columnar epithelia
a. Non-ciliated form
b. Lines digestive tract, gall bladder, ducts of some glands
Ciliated form- b. Lines small bronchi, fallopian tubes, and uterus
38
37. Pseudostratified columnar epithelial
a. All cells originate at basement membrane
b. Only tall cells reach the apical surface
c. May contain goblet cells and bear cilia
d. Nuclei lie at varying heights within cells
e. Gives false impression of stratification
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38. Function of pseudostratified columnar epithelial
a. Secretion of mucus
| b. Propulsion of mucus by cilia
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39. Location of pseudostratified columnar epithelia
a. Non-ciliated form
| b. Ciliated form
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40. Non-ciliated form of pseudostratified columnar epithelia location
a. Ducts of male reproductive tubes and ducts of large glands
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41. Ciliated form of pseudostratified columnar epithelia location
a. Lines trachea and most of upper respiratory tract
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42. Stratified squamous epithelium
a. Many layers of cells
b. Superficial layers are squamous in shape while deeper layers of cells appear cuboidal or columnar
c. Thickest epithelial tissue
d. Adapted for protection
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43. Function of stratified squamous epithelium
a. Protects underlying tissues in areas subject to abrasion
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44. Location of stratified squamous epithelium
a. Keratinized forms – epidermis
b. Non-keratinized forms
i. Lining of esophagus, mouth, and vagina
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45. Stratified cuboidal epithelium
a. Generally two layers of cube-shaped cells
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46. Function of stratified cuboidal epithelium
a. Protection
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47. Location of stratified cuboidal epithelium
a. Forms largest ducts of sweat glands and forms cuts of mammary glands and salivary glands
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48. Stratified columnar epithelium
a. Several layers
b. Basal cells usually cuboidal
c. Superficial cells elongated
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49. Function of stratified columnar epithelium
a. Protection and secretion
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50. Location of stratified columnar epithelium
a. Rarest tissue types
| b. Found in male urethra and large ducts of some glands
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51. Transitional epithelium
a. Basal cells usually cuboidal or columnar
b. Superficial cells dome-shaped or squamous
c. Undergoes transition in shape
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52. Function of transitional epithelium
a. Stretches
b. Permits distention of urinary bladder causing thinning
i. From 6 to 3 layers when filled with urine
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53. Location of transitional epithelium
a. Lines ureters
b. Urinary bladder
c. Part of urethra
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54. Gland
a. Many epithelial cells that make and secrete a product
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55. The products of a gland are?
a. Aqueous fluids that usually contain proteins
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56. Epithelial cells forming glands are highly specialized to?
a. Remove materials from the blood
| b. Manufacture them into new materials, which they secrete (recall RER)
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57. Glands are classified by?
a. Site of release: endocrine (“internally releasing”) vs. exocrine (“externally releasing”)
b. The relative number of cells forming the gland
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58. Endocrine glands
a. Lose their surface connection (duct) as they develop
| b. Referred to as “ductless glands”
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59. Endocrine glands secrete hormones to?
a. Directly into the blood or the lymphatic vessels that weave through the glands to specific target organs farm from the site of release
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60. Exocrine glands
a. Retain their ducts, and their secretions empty through these ducts to an epithelial surface
b. Internal and external
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62. In addition to the site of product release, glands are also classified based upon the?
a. Relative number of cells forming the gland: unicellular and multicellular
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63. Unicellular
a. Scattered within epithelial sheets
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64. Multicellular
a. Formed by invagination or invaginations and usually have ducts that carry products of exocrine glands to epithelial surface
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65. Ducts
a. Tube-like connections to epithelial sheets
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66. Unicellular exocrine glands
a. The goblet cell
| b. Scattered through epithelial lining of intestines and respiratory tubes, between columnar cells
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67. Goblets cells produce
a. Mucin
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68. Mucin
a. Glycoprotein that dissolves In H2O to become slimy
i. Mucin + water = mucus
b. Covers, protects, and lubricates many internal body surfaces
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69. Multicellular exocrine glands: two basic parts
a. Secretory unit
| b. Epithelium-walled duct
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70. Multicellular exocrine glands classified by structure of duct
a. Simple (unbranched), compound (branched)
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71. Multicellular exocrine glands categorized by secretory unit structure
a. Tubular
b. Alveolar = acinar
c. Tubuloalveolar
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72. Tubular
a. Secretory cells form tubes
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73. Alveolar = acinar
a. Secretory cells form small flask-like sacs
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75. Lateral surface features: Three factors act to bind epithelial cells to one another
a. Adhesion proteins in the plasma membranes link together adjacent cells
b. The wavy contours of the membranes of adjacent cells (tongue and groove)
c. Special cell junctions
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76. Lateral surface features: cell junctions
| a. Tight junctions (zonula occludens)
i. Belt-like junction that extends around periphery (apical region)
ii. Closes of extracellular space
iii. Some proteins in plasma membrane of adjacent cells are fused
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77. When proteins in plasma membrane of adjacent cells are fused it?
a. Prevents molecules from passing between cells of epithelial tissue
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78. Lateral surface features: cell junctions
| a. Adherens junctions (zonula adherens)
i. An anchoring junction just below tight junctions
| ii. Transmembrane linker proteins attach to actin microfilaments of the cytoskeleton and bind adjacent cells
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79. Adherens junction with tight junctions
a. Form the tight junctional complex around apical lateral borders of epithelial tissues
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80. Lateral surface features: cell junctions
| a. Desmosomes
i. Anchoring junctions
ii. Main junctions for binding cells together
iii. Two disc-like plaques connected across intercellular space
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81. Desmosomes plaques of adjoining cells are joined by?
a. Proteins called cadherins
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82. Cadherins proteins interdigitate into?
a. Extracellular space
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83. Intermediate filaments of desmosomes insert into plaques from?
a. Cytoplasmic side
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84. Lateral surface features: cell junctions
| a. Gap junctions (nexus)
i. Tunnel-like passageway between two adjacent cells (anywhere)
ii. Let small molecules move directly between neighboring cells
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85. Cells in gap junctions are connected by?
a. Hollow cylinders of protein (connexons)
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86. Basal surface feature:
a. Basal lamina
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87. Lateral surface features?
a. Cell junctions
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88. Apical surface feature?
a. Microvilli
b. Cilia
c. axoneme
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89. Basal lamina
a. The border between the epithelia and the underlying C.T
| b. Non-cellular supporting sheet of proteins secreted by epithelial cells
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90. Functions of basal lamina
a. Acts as a selective filter, determining which molecules from capillaries enter the epithelium
b. Acts as scaffolding along which regenerating epithelial cells can migrate
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91. What forms the basement membrane?
a. Basal lamina and reticular layers of the underlying connective tissue deep to it
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92. Clinical application of basal lamina in Untreated cases of DM
a. Basement membrane associated with endothelium of capillaries thicken over time, probably because that take up glucose which is present in very high concentration
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93. Why is kidney failure and blindness are major symptoms of diabetes
a. Thickening in especially evident in capillaries of kidneys and the retina of the eyes, making them nonfunctional
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94. Microvilli
a. Finger like extensions of plasma membrane
b. Maximize surface area across which small molecules enter or leave
c. Abundant in epithelia of small intestine and kidney
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95. Apical surface features: cilia
a. Whip-like, highly motile extensions of apical surface membranes
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96. Apical surface features: cilia
| a. Axoneme
i. Set of microtubules
ii. Contains a core of nine pairs of microtubules encircling one middle pair
iii. Each pair of microtubules arranged in a doublet
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97. Movement of cilia
a. Coordinated waves
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98. Other motile appendages: flagella
| a. Flaggelum
i. Extremely long cilia used to propel cells/organisms
| ii. Example: sperm cells
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99. Movement of flagella
a. Whip like pattern
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100. Connective tissue
a. Found in all parts of the body as discrete structures or as part of various body organs
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101. Functions of connective tissue
a. Protect, support, and bind together (tendons and ligaments) other tissues of the body
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102. Examples of connective tissue
a. Osseous tissue
b. Areolar connective tissue
c. Adipose (fat) tissue
d. Hematopoietic tissue
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103. Osseous tissue
a. Connective tissue of the bones
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104. Areolar connective tissue
a. Soft packaging material that cushions and protects body organs
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105. Adipose (fat) tissue
a. Provides insulation of the body tissues and a source of stored food
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106. Hematopoietic tissue
a. Replenished the body’s supply of red blood cells
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107. What are the four main types of connective tissue?
a. Connective tissue proper
b. Cartilage
c. Bone tissue
d. Blood
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108. Connective tissue proper
a. Fat tissue and fibrous tissue of ligaments
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109. Does all connective tissues share the same simple structural plan?
a. Yes
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110. All types of Connective Tissues originate from the?
a. Embryonic tissue called mesenchyme
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111. Connective tissue proper organization from mesenchyme
a. Mesenchyme -> fibroblast -> fibrocyte -> connective tissue proper
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112. Subclasses of connective tissue proper
a. Loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue
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113. Loose connective tissue types
a. Areolar
b. Adipose
c. Reticular
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114. Dense connective tissue types
a. Regular
b. Irregular
c. Elastic
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115. Cartilage organization from mesenchyme
a. Chondroblast -> chondrocyte -> cartilage
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116. Subclasses of cartilage
a. Hyaline cartilage
b. Fibrocartilage
c. Elastic cartilage
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117. Osseous bone tissue organization from mesenchyme
a. Mesenchyme -> osteoblast -> osteocyte -> osseous (bone)
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118. Subclasses of osseous (bone)
a. Compact bone
| b. Spongy (cancellous) bone
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119. Blood tissue organization from mesenchyme
a. Mesenchyme -> hematopoietic stem cell -> blood cells (and macrophages) -> blood
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120. Subclasses of blood
a. Blood cell formation and differentiation are quite complex
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121. Characteristics of connective tissue
a. Generally have a rich supply of blood vessels
| i. Exceptions: cartilage, tendons, and ligaments
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122. Are connective tissues are composed of many cell types?
a. Yes
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123. In between the cells of connective tissue are a vast amount of?
a. Noncellular (non-living material), called the extracellular matrix
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124. The extracellular matrix distinguishes?
a. Connective tissue from all other tissues
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125. The extracellular matrix
a. Produced by the cells and then extruded
| b. Accounts for the strength of connective tissue but?
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126. The matrix has two structural components
a. Ground substance
| b. Fibers
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127. Ground substance of matrix functions as
a. Medium through which nutrients and other dissolved substances can diffuse between the blood capillaries and cells
b. Holds the interstitial fluid
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128. Fibers
a. Provide support
| b. All made from a single cell called the fibroblast
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129. Examples of fibers
a. Collagen, fibers, elastic fibers, and reticular fibers
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130. The differences between the physical properties and functiosn of each type of connective tissue are due to?
a. Differences in the composition of the extracellular matrix
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131. Connective tissue proper general features
a. Six different types
b. Vary in density and types of fibers
c. Function as a binding tissue
d. Resists mechanical stress
e. Particularly tension
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132. Cartilage general features
a. Resists compression because of the large amounts of water held in the matrix
b. Functions to cushion and support body structures
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133. Bone tissue general features
a. Hard tissue that resists both compression and tension
| b. Functions in support
133
134. Blood general features
a. A fluid tissue
| b. Functions to carry O2, CO2, nutrients, wastes, and other substances (hormones, for example)
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135. Areolar connective tissue
a. Underlies almost all the epithelia of the body and surrounds almost all the small nerves and blood vessels
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136. Basic functions of areolar connective tissues
a. Support and binding of other tissues
b. Holding body fluids
c. Defending the body against infections
d. Storing nutrients as fat
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137. Collagen fibers
a. Strongest and most abundant type
b. Allow connective tissue to withstand tension
c. Cross-linking of collagen fibers gives collagen its strength
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138. Fibers provide support
a. Collagen
b. Reticular
c. Elastic
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139. Reticular fibers
a. Bundles of special type of collagen
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140. Reticular fibers cluster into?
a. Networks (reticulum) that cover and support all structures bordering the CT
b. E.g surrounds capillaries and borders nearby epithelia
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141. When pulled reticular fibers Fibers glide freely past one another and allow more give, therefore?
a. Capillaries are not choked by the surrounding reticular fibers when they expand
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142. Elastic fibers
a. Long and thing
b. Form wide networks within the ECM
c. Made up of collagen but also contain elastin, which allows them to function like rubber bands
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143. Ground substance of elastic fibers
a. The part of the extracellular matrix that holds the tissue fluid Derived from the blood
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144. Ground substance of elastic fibers consists of?
a. large sugar (glycoaminoglycans) and sugar protein molecules (proteoglycans) that soak up fluid like a sponge
144
145. ground substance of elastic fibers functions as a?
a. medium through which nutrients, wastes and other dissolved substances can diffuse between the blood capillaries and cells
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146. Areolar CT
a. Site of body’s war against infectious microorganisms
| i. Bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites
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147. Areolar CT contains a variety of?
a. Defense cells all of which originate as blood cells and migrate to the connective tissue by leaving the capillaries
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148. What cells of areolar CT work to defend the body
a. Macrophages
b. Plasma cells
c. Mast cells
d. Neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils
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149. Areolar CT also stores energy reserves as?
a. Fat
| b. Cannot divide
149
150. The large, fat-storing cells are called?
a. Fat cells
| b. Adipose or adipocytes
150
151. The cytoplasm of adipocytes is dominated by?
a. Single, giant lipid droplet that flattens the nucleus and cytoplasm at one end of the cell
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152. Connective tissue proper 2 subclasses
a. Loose connective tissue (more cells/less matrix)
| b. Dense (fibrous) connective tissue (less cells/more matrix)
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153. Loose connective tissue
a. Areolar ct
b. Adipose ct
c. Reticular ct
153
154. Areolar
a. Gel-like matrix with all three fiber types cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and some white blood cells
154
155. Areolar functions
a. Wraps and cushions organs
b. Macrophages phagocytize bacteria
c. Plays important role inflammation
d. Holds and conveys tissue fluid
155
156. Location of areolar ct
a. Widely distributed under epithelia of body
b. Eg. Forms lamina propria of mucous membranes
c. Packages organs
d. Surrounds capillaries
156
157. Adipose connective tissue
a. 90% of mass consists of fat cells
b. Highly vascularized
c. Removes lipids from the bloodstream after meals and later releases them into the blood as needed
157
158. Adipose connective tissue occurs in the?
a. Hypodermis (layer beneath the skin)
| b. Mesenteries (sheets of serous membranes that hold the stomach and intestines in place)
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159. Description of adipose
a. Matrix is in areolar, but very sparse
b. Closely packed adipocytes, or fat cells
c. Have nucleus pushed to the side by large fat droplet
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160. Function of adipose
a. Provides reserve food fuel
b. Insulates against heat loss
c. Supports and protects organs
160
161. Location of adipose
a. Under skin
b. Around kidneys and eyeballs
c. Within abdomen
d. In breasts
161
162. Reticular connective tissue
a. Resembles areolar tissue, but the only fibers present in its matrix are reticular fibers which hold many free cells
162
163. Reticular connective tissue found in?
a. Bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes (all have many free blood cells outside their capillaries)
163
164. Description of reticular ct
a. Network or reticular fibers in a typical loose ground substance
b. Lie on the network
164
165. Function of reticular ct
a. Fibers form a soft internal skeleton (stroma) that supports other cell types including while blood cells, mast cells, and macrophages
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166. Location of reticular ct
a. Lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen)
166
167. Connective Tissue: Dense type
a. Regular ct
| b. Irregular ct
167
168. Dense irregular connective tissue
a. Resembles areolar tissue, but the collagen fibers are much thicker
168
169. What allows dense irregular CT to resist tensions from different directions?
a. Collagen fibers that run in different planes
169
170. Dense Irregular ct description
a. Primarily irregularly arranged collagen fibers
b. Some elastic fibers
c. Major cell type is the fibroblast
170
171. Functions of dense irregular ct
a. Able to withstand tension exerted in many directions
| b. Provides structural strength
171
172. Location of dense irregular ct
a. Dermis of the skin
b. Submucosa of digestive tract
c. Fibrous capsules of organs and of joints
172
173. Dense regular connective tissue
a. Collagen fibers run in the same direction…parallel to the direction of pull
b. Crowded between the fibers are rows of fibroblasts
c. Poorly vascularized, no fat or defense cells
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174. Fibroblasts of dense regular ct
a. Continuously produce the collagen fibers and scant ground substance
174
175. Description of dense regular ct
a. Primarily parallel collagen fibers
b. Few elastin fibers
c. Major cell type is the fibroblast
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176. Functions of dense regular ct
a. Attaches muscles to bones or to muscle
b. Attaches bones to bones
c. Withstands great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction
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177. Location of dense regular ct
a. Tendons, most ligaments, aponeuroses
177
178. Dense (regular) elastic connective tissue
a. In a few ligaments, bundles of elastic fibers outnumber the collagen fibers
178
179. Example of dense regular elastic ct
a. Ligamentum flavum
179
180. Connective tissue: cartilage
a. A firm connective tissue resist compression (pressing) as well as tension
180
181. Cartilage matrix
a. Thin collagen, ground substance, lots of tissue fluid
| b. Cartilage consists of 80% water
181
182. Cartilage is a firm, flexible tissue that contains no blood vessels or nerves and just one kind of cell called?
a. Chondrocyte
182
183. Chondrocyte is contained within a cavity called
a. Lacuna
183
184. Immature chondrocytes are called
a. Chondroblasts which secrete the matrix during cartilage growth
184
185. 3 types of cartilage
a. Hyaline cartilage
b. Fibrocartilage
c. Elastic cartilage
185
186. Hyaline (glassy) description
a. Amorphous but firm matrix
b. Collagen fibers form an imperceptible network
c. Chondroblasts produce the matrix and when mature (chondrocytes) lie in lacunae
186
187. Function of hyaline
a. Supports and reinforces
b. Has resilient cushioning properties
c. Resists compressive stress
187
188. Location of hyaline
a. Forms most of the embryonic skeleton
b. Covers the ends of long bones in join cavities
c. Forms costal cartilages of the ribs
d. Cartilages of the nose, trachea and larynx
188
189. Fibrocartilage description
a. Matrix similar to but less firm than that in hyaline cartilage
b. Thick collagen fibers predominate
c. Function of fibrocartilage
d. Tensile strength with the ability to absorb compressive shock
189
190. Fibrocartilage function
a. Tensile strength with the ability to absorb compressive shock
190
191. Location of fibrocartilage
a. Intervertebral discs
b. Pubic symphysis
c. Discs of knee joint
191
192. Elastic cartilage description
a. Similar to hyaline cartilage, but more elastic fibers in matrix
192
193. Function of elastic
a. Maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility
193
194. Location of elastic cartilage
a. Supports the external ear (pinna)
| b. Epiglottis
194
195. Bone (Osseous) tissue characteristics
a. Calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers
b. Osteoblasts (immature)
c. Osteocytes
d. Very well vascularized
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196. Osteoblasts
a. Immature
| b. Secrete collagen fibers and matrix
196
197. Osteocytes
a. Mature bone cells in lacunae
197
198. Functions of bone osseous tissue
a. Supports and protects organs
b. Provides levers and attachment sites for muscles
c. Stores calcium, fat and mineral
198
199. Bone marrow is site for?
a. Blood formation
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200. Bone description
a. Hard, calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers
b. Osteocytes lie in lacuna
c. Very well vascularized
200
201. Blood tissue
a. The fluid in the blood vessels
201
202. Why is blood tissue the most atypical connective tissue?
a. It does not bind things together or give mechanical support
202
203. Why is blood classified as connective tissue?
a. Develops from mesenchyme
| b. Consists of blood cells surrounded by a nonliving matrix (plasma)
203
204. Blood functions as a?
a. Transport vehicle for the cardiovascular system, carrying nutrients, wastes, respiratory gases, and other substances throughout the body
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205. Blood ct description
a. Red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix (plasma)
205
206. Function of blood ct
a. Transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes and other substances
206
207. Location of blood ct
a. Contained within blood vessels
207
208. Covering and lining membranes
a. Combination of epithelial and connective tissues
| b. Covers broad areas within the body
208
209. Covering and lining membranes consist of?
a. Epithelial sheet plus the underlying layer of connective tissue proper
209
210. Three types of covering and lining membranes
a. Cutaneous
b. Mucous
c. Serous membranes
210
211. Cutaneous membrane
a. Skin covering the outer surface of the body
i. Epithelium: the thick epidermis
ii. Connective tissue proper: the dense dermis
211
212. Mucous membrane (mucose)
a. Lines the inside of every hollow internal organ that opens outside the body
b. Lines the tubes of the respiratory, digestive, reproductive, and urinary systems
c. All are wet and moist (many not all secrete mucus)
212
213. All mucous membranes are consists of?
a. Epithelial sheet directly above a layer of loose connective tissue called lamina propria
213
214. Serous membranes (serosa)
a. The slippery membranes that line the closed pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities
b. Produces a slippery serous fluid
214
215. Serous membranes all consists of a layer of?
a. Simple squamous epithelium lying on a thin layer of areolar connective tissue
215
216. Muscle tissue
a. Brings about most kinds of body movements
216
217. Must muscle cells are called
a. Muscle fibers because they have elongated shape and contract forcefully as they shorten
217
218. Muscle tissue contains
a. Myofilaments – combination of actin and myosin
218
219. Three kinds of muscle tissue
a. Skeletal
b. Cardiac
c. Smooth
219
220. Skeletal muscle
a. Pull on bones to cause body movements
| b. Long, large cylinders that contain many nuclei
220
221. Skeletal muscle appear striated due to?
a. The organization of myofilaments
221
222. Skeletal muscle description
a. Long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells
| b. Obvious striations
222
223. Function of skeletal muscle
a. Voluntary movement
b. Locomotion
c. Manipulation of the environment
d. Facial expression
e. Voluntary control
223
224. Location of skeletal muscle
a. In skeletal muscles attached to bones or occasionally to skin
224
225. Cardiac muscle
a. Occurs in the wall of the heart
| b. striated
225
226. Cardiac muscle contract to
a. Propel blood through the blood vessels
226
227. Cells of cardiac muscle
a. Each has just one nucleus
| b. Cardiac cells branch and join at special cellular junctions called intercalated discs
227
228. Smooth muscle
a. No visible striations in its cells
| b. Spindle shaped and contain one centrally located nucleus
228
229. Smooth muscle is found in?
a. The hollow walls of vicera
| b. Digestive and urinary organs, uterus and blood vessels
229
230. Smooth muscle acts to?
a. Squeeze substance through these organs
230
231. Smooth muscle description
a. Spindle-shaped cells with central nuclei
b. No striations
c. Cells arranged closely to form sheets
231
232. Smooth muscles function
a. Propels substances or objects (foodstuffs, urine, a baby) along internal passageways
b. Involuntary control
232
233. Location of smooth muscles
a. Mostly in the walls of hollow organs
233
234. Nervous tissue main component of?
a. The nervous organs
| b. The brain, spinal cord and nerves
234
235. Nervous tissue
a. Regulate and control body functions
235
236. Contains two types of cells:
a. Neurons
| b. Supporting cells
236
237. Neurons
a. Highly specialized cells that generate and conduct electrical impulses
b. Have extensions that allow them transmit impulses over great distances within the body
237
238. Supporting cells
a. Non conducting cells that nourish, insulate, and protect the delicate neutrons
238
239. Description of neurons
a. Branching cells
b. Cell processes that may be quite long extend from the nucleus containing cell body
c. Contributing to nervous tissue are nonirritable supporting cells
239
240. Functions of neurons
a. Transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors (muscles and glands) that control their activity
240
241. Location of neurons
a. Brain, spinal cord, and nerves
241
74. Tubuloalveolar
a. Secretory cells form tubular and alveolar units
