First Aid pg 271-275 Cardio

Question 1

What is the O2 saturation of umbilical vein/arteries?

Answer 1

Vein = 80% saturation, A= very low

Question 2

pO2 of umbilical saturation?

Answer 2

pO2 = 20 mmHg

Question 3

What is the change in pressure that allows the foramen ovale to close?

Answer 3

At birth, the infant takes a breath - there is a decreased resistance in pulmonary a/v and the LA pressure increases versus the R atrial pressure makes the foramen ovale closes

Question 4

What process leads to the closure of ductus arteriosus?

Answer 4

Higher levels of O2 from respiration and decrease in prostaglandins due to placental seperation lead to closure of ductus arteriosus?

Question 5

Which drug aids in closing PDA? What keeps it open?

Answer 5

Close PDA - Indomethacin

Keep PDA open - PGE1 & PGE2

Question 6

With what disease would you want to keep a PDA open?

Answer 6

Transposition of vessels, Pulm atresia

Question 7

What is the origin of the nucleus palposis?

Answer 7

Notochord

Question 8

Occlusion of which artery with lead to nodal dysfuntion? Symptoms?

Answer 8

RCA - brady, heart block

Question 9

When is peak coronary blood flow?

Answer 9

early diastole

Question 10

Most common location of coronary a occlusion?

Answer 10

LAD

Question 11

Hoarseness or dysphagia can occur with enlargement of which chamber?

Answer 11

Left atrium

Question 12

How is CO maintained in early and late stages of exercise?

Answer 12

Early - inc HR, SV

Late - only inc HR (SV plateaus)

Question 13

What leads to inc pulse pressure?

Answer 13

Hyperthyroidism
Aortic Regurgitation
Aortic stiffening (isolate systolic HTN in elderly)
Obstructive sleep apnea (Inc SANS tone)
Exercise

Question 14

Which conditions lead to dec pulse pressure?

Answer 14

Aortic stenosis
Cardiogenic shock
cardiac tamponade
advanced CHF

Question 15

SV is inc by which parameters?

Answer 15

inc Contractility
dec Afterload
inc Preload

Question 16

What dec contractility?

Answer 16

BB, systolic HF, acidosis, hypoxia, hypercapnia, non-dihydropyridine CCB, loss of myocardium (MI), dilated cardiomyopathy

Question 17

What inc contractility?

Answer 17

catecholamines, inc IC Ca2+, dec EC Na+, Digitalis

Question 18

What parameters will inc O2 demand?

Answer 18

Inc contractility, afterload, HR, diameter of ventricle

Question 19

What parameter estimates preload?

Answer 19

EDV

Question 20

Drug to decrease preload? afterload?

Answer 20

Preload - venodilators (Nitroglycerin), ACE, ARBS

Afterload - vasodilators (Hydralazine), ACE, ARBS

Question 21

delta P =?

Answer 21

Q x R

Question 22

How does organ removal affect TPR and CO?

Answer 22

Inc TPR, dec CO - bc an organ is in series.

Question 23

Viscosity depends on what blood parameter?

Answer 23

Hct

Question 24

What inc/dec viscosity?

Answer 24

Inc = Hyperproteinemic states, polycythemia
dec = anemia

Question 25

Which type of vessel affects TPR most?

Answer 25

arterioles

Question 26

How will uncompensated CHF affect contractility and VR?

Answer 26

Dec contractility, no effect on VR

Question 27

How does exercise affect TPR/CO?

Answer 27

decrease TPR (thereby inc CO/VR)

Question 28

How does an AVs shunt affect CO?

Answer 28

AV shunts will dec TPR --> inc CO

Question 29

How do narcotics affect CO/VR? affect RA pressure? EDV? how?

Answer 29

Narcotics dec venous tone --> dec CO/VR and RA pressure --> dec EDV?