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Histopathology > Fixation > Flashcards

Fixation Flashcards

1
Q

What is the first and most critical step in histotechnology?

A

Fixation

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2
Q

The ideal volume of the fixative is _____ greater than the size or volume of the specimen.

A

10 to 20 times

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3
Q

What is the result of tissue digestion by intracellular enzymes that are released when organelle membranes rupture?

A

Autolysis

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4
Q

What is the most common mechanism for fixation whereby the effect is induced by dehydrants, such as alcohol or acetone?

A

Denaturation

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5
Q

What type of physical fixation is the most widely used in routine laboratories?

A

Microwave fixation

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6
Q

What type of physical fixation involves freeze drying but is not usually applied to diagnostic tissue specimens?

A

Cryopreservation

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7
Q

What method of fixation involves immersing the specimen in the fixative solution?

A

Chemical fixation

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8
Q

What will happen to the tissues if it was immersed in a hypotonic solution?

A

Tissues will swell

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9
Q

What will happen to the tissues if it was immersed in a hypertonic solution?

A

Tissues will shrink

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10
Q

What is the usual range for the pH during fixation?

A

6-8

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11
Q

Enumerate the factors involved in fixation.

A

● Hydrogen ion concentration
● Temperature
● Thickness of section
● Concentration
● Duration of fixation

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12
Q

What is the preferred thickness of the section for tissue block for electron microscopy?

A

1-2 mm^2

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13
Q

What is the preferred thickness of the section for tissue block for light microscopy?

A

2 cm^2 (no more than 0.4 cm)

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14
Q

What is the usual duration for primary fixation in buffered formalin?

A

2-6 hours

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15
Q
  • accentuate absorbance for the next procedure
  • promote and hasten staining
A

Mordant or accentuator

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16
Q

What are the 2 types of fixative according to composition?

A
  1. Simple fixative
  2. Compound fixative
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17
Q

What are the 2 types of fixative according to action?

A
  1. Microanatomical fixatives
  2. Cytological fixatives
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18
Q

What type of fixative according to action permits the general microscopy study of tissue structure without altering the structures?

A

Microanatomical fixatives

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19
Q

What type of fixative according to action preserves a specific part of the cell itself?

A

Cytological fixatives

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20
Q

What is formed from the precipitation of formaldehyde that is usually obtained as a fine white powder, which depolymerizes back to formalin when heated?

A

Paraformaldehyde

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21
Q

What fixative is a gas produced by the oxidation of methyl alcohol, and is soluble in water to the extent of 37-40% weight in volume?

A

Formaldehyde

22
Q

Identify the fixative.

  • most common fixative
A

10% Formaldehyde

23
Q

Identify the fixative.

  • preserve cadavers
  • for CNS and postmortem tissues
A

10% Formol Saline

24
Q

Identify the fixative.

  • best fixative (optimal choice!)
A

10% Neutral Buffered Formalin

25
Q

Identify the fixative.

  • made of potassium salts + formalin
A

Kaisserling’s animal cells

26
Q

Identify the fixative.

  • larger molecule than formaldehyde
  • more stable but more expensive
A

Glutaraldehyde

27
Q

Identify the fixative.

  • most common metallic fixative
  • for tissue photography
  • forms black granular deposits
A

Mercuric chloride

28
Q

Identify the fixative.

  • for fixing small pieces of liver, spleen, connective tissue fibers and nuclei
A

Zenker’s fluid

29
Q

Identify the fixative.

  • HgCl2 + formaldehyde
A

Zenker-formol (helly’s solution)

30
Q

Identify the fixative.

  • Made up of MgCl2, glacial acetic acid, and formalin
  • for tumor biopsy
A

Heidenhain’s Susa Solution

31
Q

Identify the fixative.

  • for bone marrow biopsy
A

B-5 fixative

32
Q

Identify the fixative.

  • Alcohol-containing mercury fixative
  • used for wet smear preparation and connective tissues
A

Schaudinn’s fixative

33
Q

Identify the fixative.

  • fixes carbohydrates
  • precipitate all CHON
A

chromic acid

34
Q

Identify the fixative.

  • preserve lipid and mitochondria
A

Potassium dichromate

35
Q

Identify the fixative.

  • for demonstration of chromatin, mitochondria, mitotic figures, Golgi bodies, RBC, and colloid-containing tissue
A

Regaud’s fluid

36
Q

Identify the fixative.

  • for early degenerative processes and tissue necrosis
  • brain tissue
A

Orth’s fluid

37
Q

Identify the fixative.

  • lead-containing
  • used for the preservation of glycogen mucopolysaccharide, and amyloid
  • fixes connective tissue mucin
  • forms insoluble lead carbonate
A

Lillie’s fixative

38
Q

Identify the fixative.

  • preserve glycogen
A

picric acid

39
Q

Identify the fixative.

  • fixate embryos and pituitary biopsy
A

Bouin’s solution

40
Q

Identify the fixative.

  • excellent fixative for glycogen
A

Brasil’s alcoholic picroformol

41
Q

Identify the fixative.

  • for fixing dry and wet smears, blood smears, and bone marrow tissues
A

100% methyl alcohol

42
Q

What is the usual concentration of ethyl alcohol?

A

70-100%

43
Q

Identify the fixative.

  • for sputum specimens
  • made up of alcoholic formalin
A

Gendre’s fixative

44
Q

Identify the fixative.

  • for mucopolysaccharides and nuclear protein
A

Newcomer’s fluid

45
Q

Identify the fixative.

  • most common chrome-osmium acetic acid
    fixative
A

Flemming’s solution

46
Q

What are the two fixatives used for fixing brain tissue for the diagnosis of rabies?

A

Acetone and Carnoy’s fluid

47
Q

What solution is used for washing out chromates, formalin, and osmic acid?

A

Tap water

48
Q

What solution is used for washing out excess picric acid from bouin’s solution?

A

50-70% alcohol solution

49
Q

What solution is used for washing out excessive mercuric fixative?

A

alcoholic iodine

50
Q

What refers to the process of removing excess fixative from the tissue after fixation?

A

washing out

Histopathology (11 decks)

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