Foehring - Sensory Spinal Pathways

Question 1

What are the two systems for somesthesis? Fiber types and ascending tracts?

Answer 1

• PROTOPATHIC: anterolateral -> pain, crude touch, and temperature
  1. Low spatial/temporal resolution
  2. Sm, slowly conducting, lightly myelinated (A-delta) and unmyelinated (C) fibers
  3. Lateral spinothalamic tract
• EPICRITIC: lemniscal -> form, texture, touch, pressure, slippage, vibration, position (info about internal body: muscles, joints, internal organs)
  1. High temporal/spatial resolution
  2. Lg, rapidly conducting, myelinated fibers
  3. Posterior/posterolateral columns

Question 2

Which sensory fibers are chemonociceptive? Be specific.

Answer 2

C fibers

Question 3

What will happen in the case of a lesion to the spinothalamic tract?

Answer 3

• Loss of pain and temp contralaterally, beginning several levels below the spinal cord lesion

Question 4

What kinds of sensory info do the dorsal columns conduct?

Answer 4

• Vibration
• Joint position sense
• Discriminative touch

Question 5

Woman presents with bilateral, cape-like loss of sensation in upper extremities, and forehead.

Where would you place this lesion? Dx?

Answer 5

• Midline of the cervical spinal cord —> C2 dermatome extends up to the top of the head (almost forehead)
• Syringomyelia: hole in the center of the spinal cord with LMN findings

Question 6

Pt comes in for AAA repair. When he awoke from anesthesia post-op, he was unable to move his legs. There were no reported cxs during surgery. On exam, 0-1/5 strength in all leg mm. Lost sensation to pin in both legs up to level of umbilicus. Vibratory sensation and ability to sense joint mvmt in both legs normal.

Where is the lesion? What happened?

Answer 6

• Bilateral lesion in the thoracic cord
• When repairing this, can get thrombus in great radicular artery of Adamkiewicz, resulting in bilateral, anterior lesion of the spinal cord

Question 7

74-y/o man wakes from sleep with numbness on R side of body. PMH of HTN and diabetes. No other neuro complaints. Elevated threshold to pin, temp, and proprioceptive sensation over right head and body. When touched with a safety pin that was moved from right thorax to his left, he quickly noted the sensation of a sharp object precisely at midline. Vibratory sensation over forehead was felt bilaterally, and only minimally diminished when crossing the midline.

Where was the lesion? What may have caused it? How could you confirm this?

Answer 7

• Left thalamus. Not much of a difference b/t left and right forehead vibration due to radicular nerve fibers. Thalamic lesion classically affects the epicritic and protopathic pathways; hard to affect only these 2 in other parts of the spinal cord/brain stem without affecting other structures
• This could be caused by an ischemic stroke, which tend to occur at night —> do neural imaging (MRI superior to CT in terms of resolution for anatomical structures). Diffusion weighted imaging (MRI) good for detecting ischemia. CT only better for hemorrhage detection.

Question 8

What is the general arrangement of spinal cord and nerve roots (sensory and motor)?

Answer 8

• MOTOR: motoneuron cell bodies in spinal cord ventral horn, and axons exit ventral horn via ventral roots, traveling in spinal NN to targe mm -> final comm path for motor activation/efferent spinal reflexes
• SENSORY: receptors in skin (cutaneous), mm and joints, and visceral organs, and communicate w/CNS via peripheral processes of pseudo-unipolar sensory neurons with cell bodies outside the spinal cord in the dorsal root ganglia (DRGs)
  1. AP’s in DRG cell peripheral process continue in dorsal roots along central process to dorsal horn, then may synapse there, or project up spinal cord to brainstem (depending on type of receptor, and which somesthetic system is involved)

Question 9

Briefly, describe the dermatomes (image).

Answer 9

Question 10

What are the classifications of peripheral nerve fibers, incl. motor (table; 8)?

Answer 10

• Motor: A-alpha, A-gamma
• Muscle spindle: Ia, II, A-gamma
• Golgi tendon organ (and Ruffini): Ib
• Posterior/medial lemniscus: A-beta
• Aneterolateral/spinothalamic: A-delta, C
• Autonomic: preganglionic B, postganglionic C

Question 11

What are some of the different types of somatosensory receptors? At a basic level, how do these work?

Answer 11

• Exteroreceptors: external events
• Proprioceptors: position of joints/muscles in space
• Enteroreceptors: state of internal organs
• Also: chemo, photo, thermo, mechano, and nocireceptors
• Energy from these sources that exist in nature is transduced by sensory receptors into graded electrical signals that are integrated -> when threshold is reached, AP’s are generated

Question 12

What five types of receptors are found in glabrous and hairy skin?

Answer 12

• PACINIAN CORPUSCLE: lg, lamellar, rapidly adapting mechanoreceptor that detects gross pressure and vibratory skin stimuli (optimal freq 250 Hz)
  1. Found in subcu skin, joints, muscle, mesentery
• MEISSNER CORPUSCLE: rapidly adapting mechano-receptor sensitive to light touch and vibration <50 Hz
  1. Located in glabrous skin, right below epidermis
• MERKEL DISKS: slowly adapting mechanoreceptors in skin and mucosa; in glabrous skin, clustered under ridges of fingertips, and clustered into specialized epi structures called “touch domes/hair disks” in hairy skin
• RUFFINI ORGANS: slowly adapting mechanoreceptor in deep layers of glabrous skin that respond to sustained pressure and skin stretch
  1. Responsible for detecting objects slipping along skin, and contribute to position sense
• FREE NN ENDINGS: no accessory structures; typically responsive to temp and nociceptive stimuli

Question 13

What is receptor adaptation?

Answer 13

• ADAPTATION: reduced response in face of constant, continued stimulus (see attached image)
  1. TOP = no adaptation: AP firing maintained at constant rate as long as stimulus is applied
  2. MIDDLE: firing maintained for some time, then freq of AP’s slows, despite maintained stimulus -> slowly adapting receptor
  3. BOTTOM: rapid adaptation; brief/transient response

Question 14

Describe the mechanism of the Pacinian corpuscle sensory receptor.

Answer 14

• Rapidly adapting receptor consisting of free NN ending encapsulated by series of modified Schwann cells (lamellae)
• Pressure applied to lamellae causes lateral mvmt, and corpuscle is distorted; mechanical stimulus transduced to AP at onset of stimulus, followed by adaptation while pressure is maintained
• When pressure released, second AP occurs, so organ signals onset and offset of stimulus, but makes no signals during maintained stimulus
• Transduction via stretch-sensitive ion channels in NN ending, and depolarizations transduced to AP’s at first Node of Ranvier of afferent NN
• Lamellae are accessory structure that determine adaptation in Pacinian corpuscle; w/o lamellae, the corpuscle responds to different stimuli and in a different way

Question 15

Describe the lemniscal pathway.

Answer 15

• Subcu Pacinian corpuscle (esp. sensitive to vibration) in leg that is rapidly-adapting, connected to lg afferent axon (Ab = T2) that projects via dorsal root into dorsal horn of spinal cord
• Axon continues into ipsilateral, posterior (dorsal) column of spinal cord, and ascends entire spinal cord to ipsilateral medulla (brainstem)
• First synapse = posterior column nuclei in medulla: nucleus gracilis (L-S), nucleus cuneatus (C-T)
  1. NG axons travel in fasciculus gracilis (thin; most medial post column) in spinal cord
  2. NC axons travel in more lateral (wedge-shaped), fasciculus cuneatus (T6 is the cut-off)
• Axon of 2^o neuron (w/cell body in post column nucleus) crosses mid-line of brainstem (decussates) and runs in contralateral MEDIAL LEMNISCUS to part of thalamus involved in somesthesis (synapse #2), the ventral posterolateral nucleus (VPL)
• 3rd order neuron sends axon to ipsilateral 1^o somato-sensory cortex, in postcentral gyrus (3rd synapse)

Question 16

Describe the spinothalamic pathway.

Answer 16

• Free NN ending in skin (cutaneous) of leg (pain, temp receptors usually relatively unspecialized free NN endings) with small, slowly conducting axon (A-delta or C fibers; T3, T4)
• Afferents enter spinal cord via dorsal root, and synapse in ipsilateral dorsal horn (first synapse), unlike lemniscal pathway
• 2nd order neuron (soma in dorsal horn) sends axon across mid-line at same level of spinal cord to contralateral anterolateral funiculus (aka, fasciculus: surface feature indicating underlying axon tract), then turns and ascends through brainstem to VPL in thalamus (synapse #2, contralateral to receptor)
  1. NOTE: decussation in anterior commissure of the spinal cord
• 3rd order neuron projects ipsilaterally to somato-sensory cortex (post-central gyrus), synapse #3

Question 17

Briefly compare the cells, synapses, and decussations for the epicritic and protopathic pathways.

Answer 17

• EPICRITIC (via medial lemniscus): enters ipsilateral dorsal horn and ascends in ipsilateral post column to ipsilateral posterior column nuclei (synapse #1), then 2nd order neuron decussates in medulla and ascends as contralateral medial lemniscus to contralateral (to receptor) VPL nucleus of thalamus (synapse #2), then 3rd order neuron sends axon (thalamic radiations) to 1^o somatosensory cortex (postcentral gyrus; synapse #3)
• PROTOPATHIC: enters ipsilateral dorsal horn and synapses there (synapse #1), 2nd order neuron decussates at that level of spinal cord and travels in contralateral anterolateral spinal cord in spinothalamic tract, then synapses (#2) in thalamic VPL (contralateral to receptor), and 3rd order neuron projects to 1^o somatosensory cortex (postcentral gyrus; synapse #3)
• NOTE: in both pathways, the VPL and somatosensory cortex involved is contralateral to peripheral receptor, and the VPL always projects to its ipsilateral cortex

Question 18

Describe the anatomical pathway of the lemniscal pathway from the brainstem on. Be specific.

Answer 18

• Posterior column nuclei (gracilis and cuneatus) are in the caudal medulla; this is where DECUSSATION of axons from these nuclei occur -> crossing fibers also called internal arcuate fibers
• Medulla = metencephalon
• In rostral medulla, medial lemniscus (axons of contralateral post column nuclei) runs near midline, towards anterior medulla -> as it travels rostrally, its path takes it gradually away from the midline, through the pons (metencephalon) and midbrain (mesencephalon)
• Projections from VPL to cortex travel through posterior limb of the internal capsule

Question 19

Anatomically, how do afferents add to the sensory pathways as they ascend the spinal cord? What other types of processing may happen along this path?

Answer 19

• Ascending the spinal cord, afferents add to the pathway lateral to lower regions (cuneatus is lateral to gracilis; this is visible anatomically)
• Collaterals of axons from peripheral receptors also synapse with the ipsilateral dorsal and ventral horn, so in addition to conveying peripheral info for processing in brainstem, thalamus, cortex, additional processing occurs in both the dorsal and ventral horn
• NOTE: also indicated in this image is pathway from VPL to Cortex via posterior limb of internal capsule

Question 20

What are Rexed’s laminae? How do they apply to the sensory pathways?

Answer 20

• I-V = dorsal horn; VI, VII = intermediate zone; VIII, IX = ventral horn
• EPICRITIC:
  1. Proprioceptive (purple) afferents send collaterals to deep layers of dorsal horn (V-VII) and ventral horn (incl. some type 1a afferents from spindles; monosynaptic on motoneurons)
  1. Touch and pressure (blue) afferents send collaterals most to dorsal horn, with few in ventral
  a. A-alpha (Ia) from mm receptors, spindles and GTO’s, project to ventral/deep layers of dorsal
  b. A-beta (Ib) incl. many cutaneous and joint receptors (2^o spindle organs) that project mostly to dorsal horn)
• PROTOPATHIC (red): synapse immediately in ipsilateral dorsal horn (mostly I-V) and 2nd order projection is to contralateral spinothalamic tract
  1. Some axons travel short way (2-3 segments) in Lissauer’s tract before synapsing in dorsal horn; it takes 2-3 spinal cord segments for all afferents entering at given level to cross to contralateral cord -> lesions at a given spinal cord level result in loss of inputs from 2-3 segments below lesion

Question 21

What are the 4 spinocerebellar tracts? Describe their role, and courses.

Answer 21

• Convey info about limb/joint position to ipsilateral cerebellum (input mainly from mm spindles/GTOs)
• DORSAL (leg/body): afferents pass via fasiculus gracilis and synapse in Clarke’s Nucleus (column of relay neuron cell bodies in medial gray matter, T2-L2), then these neurons project to cerebellum via INFERIOR cerebellar peduncle
• VENTRAL (leg/body): afferents synapse in layer VII of spinal cord (L3-S3), and project to contralateral lateral funiculus to synapse with neurons in region of SUPERIOR cerebellar peduncle -> some cross midline again, ending on ipsilateral cerebellum (relative to original afferents); others stay on contralateral side
• CUNEO (arm): afferents synapse in accessory cuneate nucleus (lateral to cuneate nucleus in medulla), then 2nd order neurons project to ipsilateral cerebellum via INFERIOR cerebellar peduncle
• ROSTRAL (arm): afferents synapse in layer VII of spinal cord (above L3) at dorsal horn, and ascend ipsilaterally to cerebellum via INFERIOR cerebellar peduncle

Question 22

Briefly describe the somatotopy of the posterior and anterolateral columns.

Answer 22

• POSTERIOR COLUMNS: cervical cord is lateral to lumbar cord
• ANTEROLATERAL: neck/occiput to arm to upper/lower trunk to leg
• NOTE: image shows tracts in fixed/stained (real) human spinal cord -> stained for myelin, so fiber tracts dark (axons myelinated; funiculi), and cell bodies (dorsal/ventral gray matter) light

Question 23

Describe the evolution of the somatotopy of the posterior columns/medial lemniscus as they ascend the spinal cord/brainstem/cortex.

Answer 23

• Fibers add laterally moving up the SPINAL CORD: leg afferents enter in lumbar cord, thoracic cord (lower trunk) added next, upper limb added at cervical levels
• At decussation (MEDULLA), what was medial in spinal cord (lumbar) arcs to become lateral in brainstem (e.g., legs lateral)
• As medial lemniscus ascends in brainstem, lateral representation becomes more posterior (dorsal) too, so legs are lateral and dorsal -> this orientation is preserved through THALAMUS AND CORTEX
• In CORTEX, representation basically standing on its head; superior cortex more midline and inferior cortex more lateral (from the shape of the brain)

Question 24

What is the Substantia gelatinosa? Lissauer’s Tract?

Answer 24

• SUBSTANTIA GELATINOSA: lamina I and II of spinal cord gray matter; site of first modulation of pain and temperature info
• LISSAUER’S TRACT (aka, posterolateral fasiculus): composed of sensory fibers carrying pain/temp that ascend or descend several spinal cord levels before synapsing in dorsal horn; also contains short axons of projections of neurons from laminae I and II

Question 25

Describe the spinothalamic pathway, incl. Lissauer's tract.

Answer 25

- PATHWAY: free NN ending (pain, temp, crude touch) in cervical spinal cord =\> central process of assoc DRG neuron enters dorsal horn via dorsal root =\> SYNAPSE #1 in ipsilateral dorsal horn (_layers I and V_) =\> 2nd order neuron w/cell body in ipsilateral dorsal horn; axon crosses midline at same cord level as afferent entered, turns, and ascends in _anterolateral part of contralateral cord_ =\> in brainstem, tract remains lateral, and moves more dorsal going from medulla to pons =\> SYNAPSE #2 in _VPL thalamus_ (contralateral to afferent) =\> 3rd order neuron (thalamic relay neuron projects to 1^o somatosensory cortex (postcentral gyrus) via _post limb of internal capsule_ (SYNAPSE #3) - LISSAUER'S TRACT: carries non-discriminative pain and temp info; consists of axons of interneurons (short assoc fibers that interconnect neighboring segments of post horn) that travel 2-3 segments up/down the spinal cord before terminating in ipsilateral dorsal horn (_layers I and V_) 1. Because of this pattern pain sensation lost for 2-3 segments below a lateral spinal cord lesion

Question 26

How are axons added as the spinothalamic tract ascends? What are the thalamic nuclei, and where do they project?

Answer 26

- As cervical level afferents are added to the axons ascending from the lumbar cord, 2nd order axons from cervical dorsal horn are ADDED MEDIALLY (in contrast to the epicritic system) - Projection to intralaminar (image) and dorsomedial thalamic nuclei in addition to main pathway to VPL 1. _Intralaminar nuclei_ project diffusely throughout cortex (general arousal; spinoreticular) and _dorsomedial nucleus_ projects to prefrontal cortex (spinomesenphalic) - NOTE: pain afferents contribute collaterals to the spinoreticular (synapse in reticular formation) and the spinomesencephalic tracts

Question 27

What is the difference b/t first pain and second pain in the spinothalamic tract? Describe their Rexed's laminae pathways. What might account for referred pain?

Answer 27

- FIRST PAIN: mediated by larger A-delta fibers -\> **sharp sensation** that can be readily localized on body 1. Synapse in first couple of laminae in dorsal horn, esp. I (I = marginal zone; I + II = substantia gelatinosa); initial site of integration of pain info 2. Propriospinal tract (short fibers/axons b/t spinal cord segments) of interneurons in layers I and II project to layer V (deepest part of dorsal horn), and _layer V cells are the ones that send their axons across the midline and ascend_ the cord - SECOND PAIN: C fibers (smallest axons; assoc with a **duller, less localizable aspect of pain**) synapse in the substantia gelatinosa (esp. layer I) and these _layer I neurons send their axons across midline and up cord_ - REFERRED PAIN: for fine touch, A-alpha and A-beta fibers enter dorsal horn, and their main axon ascends cord in ipsilateral post columns; also send collaterals into dorsal/ventral horn -\> _some of these collaterals of the epicritic system synapse on the same layer V cells_ that protopathic pain fibers do, which is thought to be a factor in referred pain

Question 28

Describe the topography of the spinothalamic tract.

Answer 28

- In anterolateral cord (contralateral to afferent entry) - Leg lateral and arm and other cervical elements added to the medial side - NOTE: human spinal cord with myelin stain attached (myelin = dark)

Question 29

Describe the homunculus for the spinothalamic tract (spinal cord to cortex).

Answer 29

- Cervical fibers add medial to lumbar in the spinal cord and brainstem - In thalamus and cortex, however, body surface is represented “on its head”, with the legs superior and medial and the arm and head inferior and lateral

Question 30

What are the 4 nuclei of the trigeminal nerve? What are their roles, where are their cell bodies, and where do they terminate?

Answer 30

- 3 divisions: ophthalmic, maxillary, mandibular - MOTOR NUCLEUS of V: motoneurons of masticatory mm and a few others - CHIEF SENSORY NUCLEUS of V: cell bodies of 2nd order neurons for epicritic system of head/face; analagous to posterior column nuclei - MESENCEPHALIC NUCLEUS of V: cell bodies of primary afferents for mm spindles and GTO's of masticatory mm; analogous to displaced DRG, found within the brainstem - SPINAL NUCLEUS of V: cell bodies of second order cells for protopathic system for head/face; analogous to dorsal horn (esp. substantia gelatinosa) - NOTES: somatosensory afferents for head/face have cell bodies in **Gasserian/Trigeminal ganglion** outside of the brain, so the trigeminal ganglion is analogous to dorsal root ganglia for the spinal cord 1. While VPL is thalamus for somesthesis of the body, trigeminal projections (responsible for somesthesis of the head/face) are to the ventral posteromedial nucleus (**VPM**) 2. EXCEPTION: mesencephalic nucleus cell bodies are in brainstem, and cell processes project bilaterally to motor nucleus of V 3. Attached diagram shows all trigeminal nuclei, ganglion, and pathways b/t them

Question 31

Where the cell bodies/end points for the mm receptors in the mm of mastication?

Answer 31

- Muscle receptors for mm of mastication have special arrangement - Cell bodies for the afferents are located in _mesencephalic nucleus of V_ in brainstem, rather than the trigeminal ganglion - Central processes of these cells project bilaterally to the _motor nucleus of V_ (basis for monosynaptic stretch reflex)

Question 32

What is the monosynaptic stretch reflex?

Answer 32

- Proprioceptive inputs from muscle spindle organs synapse directly on alpha motoneurons in ventral horn - Aka, myotatic reflex - NOTE: similarly, polysynaptic pathways link muscle and cutaneous receptors to motoneurons via interneurons in spinal cord (basis for other reflexes)

Question 33

What is Clarke's Nucleus?

Answer 33

- In lamina VII of intermediate zone of spinal cord; **T2-L2**, and involved in _unconscious proprioception_ - Proprioceptive afferents from lower body (dorsal spinocerebellar tract) terminate in Clarke's nucleus in _spinal intermediate zone_ - Origin of dorsal spinocerebellar tract (axons from cell bodies in dorsal nucleus of Clarke travel through the ipsilateral lateral funiculus via restiform body on their way to the cerebellum) -\> _primary input to cerebellum from spinal cord proprioceptive afferents_

Question 34

What are the "additional synapses" in the spinothalamic tract? 3 divisions?

Answer 34

- Add'l synapses in brainstem, thalamus, and cortex - THALAMUS: besides major termination in VPL, collaterals of spinothalamaic tract axons also synapse in the _intralaminar and dorsomedial nuclei_ -\> these are important for cortical arousal - 3 DIVISIONS (names indicate where they synapse): 1. **Spinothalamic**: important for DISCRIMINATIVE ASPECTS OF PAIN; collaterals synapse in brainstem 2. **Spinoreticular**: synapses w/neurons in reticular formation in pons/medulla (these tract fibers come from neurons in all layers of dorsal horn); important for general AROUSAL AND EMO ASPECTS OF PAIN 3. **Spinomesencephalic**: in mesencephalon, there are connections to periaqueductal gray (PAG) -\> fibers come from cells in layer I and V of dorsal horn; important for activating descending, efferent pathways that MODULATE PAIN - NOTE: if you step on nail, spinothalamic system will report a sharp object in your foot, spinoreticular will signal "ouch," and spinomesencephalic will initiate pathways to modulate pain (highest conc of opiate receptors in brainstem is in the periaqueductal gray)

Question 35

Compare the characteristics of the spinal cord and trigeminal epicritic/protopathic pathways (table). Cell bodies Central processes 2nd order neurons Ascending pathway Thalamic nucleus

Answer 35

Question 36

What tracts/afferents are associated with the spinal trigeminal nucleus? Where are the cell bodies, etc?

Answer 36

- PROTOPATHIC AFFERENTS: cell bodies in trigeminal ganglion, and central processes project to _ipsilateral spinal tract of V_ (in the medulla), synapse #1 - 2nd order axons project to **contralateral VPM** via _trigeminothalamic tract_ - VPM projects to 1^o somatosensory cortex via _posterior limb of the internal capsule_

Question 37

What tracts/afferents are associated with the chief sensory nucleus of V? Where are the cell bodies, etc?

Answer 37

- EPICRITIC AFFERENTS (fine touch): cell bodies in trigeminal ganglion, and central processes project to _chief sensory nucleus of V_ (caudal pons), synapse #1 - 2nd order axons cross to **contralateral VPM** (thalamus) via _trigeminal lemniscus pathway_ - VPM projects in turn to _1^o somatosensory cortex_ (postcentral gyrus: contralateral to afferents)

Question 38

Compare the VPL and VPM (input, output, role).

Answer 38

- **VPL**: ventral posterolateral nucleus 1. In = medial lemniscus (epicritic), spinothalamic tract (protopathic) 2. Out = post-central gyrus (cortex: 3, 1, 2) 3. Somatosensory thalamus for body - **VPM**: ventral posteromedial nucleus 1. In = trigeminal lemniscus (epicritic), trigeminothalamic (protopathic) 2. Out = post-central gyrus (cortex: 3, 1, 2) 3. Somatosensory thalamus for the head (trigeminal system)

Question 39

What are S1 and S2? Brodmann's areas?

Answer 39

- 1^o somatosensory cortex is aka S1; post-central gyrus includes Brodmann's areas #3a, 3b, 2, and 1 - S2 is a unimodal (only somatosensory) association cortex where further processing of info concerning somesthesis occurs -\> on the parietal operculum - NOTE: areas #5 and #7 are in the superior parietal lobule and are another unimodal (mostly) association area for somesthesis

Question 40

What Brodmann's area receives the bulk of projections from the VPL and VML? Break it down.

Answer 40

- Brodmann's areas 3, 1, and 2 (ant - post) represented in postcentral gyrus, and 3 subdivided into 3a and 3b; in general, **AREA 3** receives bulk of projections from VPL and VPM - _AREA 3a_: receives primarily mm (proprioceptive) afferents and nociceptive (pain) info from thalamus - _AREA 3b_: receives primarily cutaneous inputs (slowly and rapidly adapting: tactile - shape, size texture, vibratory, and thermal sensation) - _AREA 1_: primary input from area 3b - cutaneous (more detailed info about texture processed here) - _AREA 2_: primary projection from 3a (nociceptive and mm) and 3b (cutaneous), so it integrates pain, tactile, and proprioceptive info to allow position and edge direction, size perception (stereognosis), etc. - Parallel processing of different submodalities, and also integration b/t modalities via higher order serial processing - NOTE: cortex is required for perception of fine touch, vibration, pain, temperature etc.

Question 41

What is the somatosensory homunculus? Describe it.

Answer 41

- Rather deformed map of body surface that indicates which parts of the somatosensory cortex responds to touch, pain etc. on a given part of the body - Note the upside down representation (head inferior and lateral) - All submodalities mapped this way in somatosensory cortex