Forensics

Question 1

Offender profiling

Answer 1

Assumption of offender characteristics by analysing offence they commit

Question 2

Modus operandi

Answer 2

Crime is not random

Question 3

Top down approach

Answer 3

Profilers create pre existing categories of offender types
Organised vs disorganised

Question 4

Profiler

Answer 4

Own experience or intuition to fit offender into a category, using crime scene evidence

Question 5

Organised offender

Answer 5

Plan crime
Own weapons
Tidy crime scene
Hide body
High intelligence

Question 6

Disorganised offender

Answer 6

Don’t plan crime
Leave weapon at crime scene
Messy crime scene
Below average intelligence

Question 7

Bottom up approach

Answer 7

Statically analysed data collected at crime scene of choice of victim and location

Question 8

Five factor model

Answer 8

Interpersonal coherence
Time and place significance
Criminal career
Criminal characteristics
Forensic awareness

Question 9

Geographical profiling

Answer 9

Focus where offender is based NOT personal characteristics
Location of crime not random
Narrow down search area

Question 10

Least effort principle

Answer 10

Close to home base

Question 11

Circle hypothesis

Answer 11

Marauders do this
Crimes radiate out from home

Question 12

Atavist form

Answer 12

Criminals are at a more primitive stage than non criminals, genetically.
Criminals born not made

Question 13

Physical differences of a criminal

Answer 13

A symmetrical face
Heavy brow
Big ears
Large jaw
Thief upturned nose
Marauders hooked nose

Question 14

Diathesis stress

Answer 14

Some genes expressed only due to interaction with environment

Question 15

Neurotransmitters

Answer 15

Imbalance linked to offending

Question 16

Neurological structure

Answer 16

Low Limbic system activity links to no empathy
Underdeveloped frontal cortex links to poor impulse control

Question 17

Eugenic

Answer 17

Beliefs aiming to improve genetic quality of human population

Question 18

Eysenck

Answer 18

Personality type due to nervous system inheritance

Question 19

Arousal

Answer 19

How easily NS responds to stimulus influencing behaviour and innate offender behaviour

Question 20

Extrovert

Answer 20

Attention seeking for stimulation

Question 21

Neurotic

Answer 21

Easy to upset
overly anxious
and obsessive behaviour

Question 22

Psychoticism

Answer 22

Emotionally cold and don’t feel empathy if psychotic

Question 23

The criminal personality;

Answer 23

High Psychotic
High Extrovert

Question 24

Levels of moral reasoning

Answer 24

KOHLBERG
we gain morality through development

Question 25

Pre conventional level

Answer 25

Criminals stuck here Concerned with how their actions effect them personally

Question 26

Cognitive distortions

Answer 26

Failures of the mind lead to criminal behaviour

Question 27

Hostile attribution bias

Answer 27

Inferences on peoples internal mental state is bias

Question 28

Minimalisation

Answer 28

Denying actions causing harm

Question 29

Sutherland

Answer 29

Criminality is a learnt response Crime is cultural tradition

Question 30

Socialisation

Answer 30

Learn norms and values from people around us

Question 31

Differential association

Answer 31

Criminals socialise with others with deviant norms

Question 32

Reinforced

Answer 32

Criminal behaviour reinforced by reward or approval from others

Question 33

Offender technique

Answer 33

Passed on generationally or in peer groups

Question 34

Superego explanation

Answer 34

Morality principle formed in phallic stage by identifying with same sex parent Regulates behaviour by guilt and pride Underdeveloped SE: weak due to no identification w/ SSP Overdeveloped SE: too strong due to over identification so crime to satisfy punishing self Deviant SE: normal identification but parent is a criminal so criminal behaviour imitated

Question 35

Defence mechanism

Answer 35

Denial of serious crime Displacement of anger into weaker target and Rationalisation to justify actions

Question 36

Attachment theory

Answer 36

Insecure attachment during infancy IWM lacks trust leading to crime Maternal deprivation = lack of empathy and affectionless psychopathy

Question 37

Custodial sentencing

Answer 37

Holding criminal in prison/institute etc

Question 39

Deterrence

Answer 39

Stop reoffending

Question 40

Incapacitation

Answer 40

Protect society from criminals actions

Question 41

Retribution

Answer 41

Provide victim sense of criminal paying for crime

Question 42

Rehabilitation

Answer 42

Change behaviour by training or therapy

Question 43

Institutionalisation

Answer 43

Prisoners adapt to prison environment and routine and then struggle after release

Question 44

Deindividuation

Answer 44

Strip people of sense of identity leading to aggression

Question 45

Recidivism

Answer 45

Offender reoffends after release due to institutionalisation or adapting pro criminal behaviour

Question 46

Behaviour modification

Answer 46

Based on behaviourism Desirable behaviour can be learnt

Question 47

Operant conditioning

Answer 47

Principles of reinforcement and punishment applied in prison token economy system

Question 48

Secondary reinforcers

Answer 48

Tokens exchanged for primary reinforcers

Question 49

Negative punishment

Answer 49

Bad behaviour may result in tokens taken away

Question 50

Anger management

Answer 50

Aggressive or emotional responses are cognitive processes controlled by CBT

Question 51

Cognitive preparation

Answer 51

Offenders learn to assess own thoughts and triggers for irrational aggression

Question 52

Skill acquisition

Answer 52

Control anger by relaxation techniques which improves communication to avoid conflict

Question 53

Application practice

Answer 53

Role play scenarios to test anger management skills