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A Level Psychology > Research Method Key Vocab AO1 > Flashcards

Research Method Key Vocab AO1 Flashcards

1
Q

Aim

A

States intent of study in general terms

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2
Q

Hypothesis

A

Prediction of investigation outcome that references independent and dependent variables

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3
Q

Independent Variable

A

Characteristics manipulated or changed by researcher

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4
Q

Dependent Variable

A

Variable measured in experiment

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5
Q

Null Hypothesis

A

No difference or no relationship between variables
Eg) predicting no effect

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6
Q

Operational Variable

A

Measurable variables

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7
Q

Extraneous Variable

A

All variables that are not the IV but may effect the DV

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8
Q

Confounding Variable

A

Not the IV but does vary systematically with it.
Cause change in DV

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9
Q

(controlling EV)
Standardisation

A

All aspects of environment standardised as much as possible

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10
Q

(controlling EV)
Single Blind

A

Participant has no knowledge of what to expect for outcome

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11
Q

(controlling EV)
Double Blind

A

Participant has no knowledge of study and experimenter doesn’t know the aim

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12
Q

(controlling EV)
Random Allocation

A

Randomly allocate participant to each condition of IV

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13
Q

Situational Variables

A

Factors in environment that can unintentionally effect DV
Eg) noise, temp, lighting etc

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14
Q

Participant Variable

A

Individual characteristics of each participant that may impact how they respond to experiment

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15
Q

Demand Characteristics

A

Participants finding out the aim of experiment and changing behaviour

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16
Q

Investigator/Experimenter Variable

A

Experimenter conveys to participant how they should behave
Eg) smile and nod at participant when they do what they’re expected

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17
Q

Order Effects

A

Any effect that comes from participants doing both conditions of experiment
Eg) boredom, improved performance due to practice

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18
Q

Social Desirability

A

When participant wants to come across well to researchers
Eg) not complete questionnaire truthfully about prejudice to seem more moral

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19
Q

Placebo Effect

A

Brain tricking people into thinking they feel a certain way due to drug working, as they expect to feel this way. Mind over matter

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20
Q

Participant Observation

A

researcher joins in becoming part of group they are studying

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21
Q

Non Participant Observation

A

Researcher remains detacthed from observation

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22
Q

Structured Observation

A

Clearly defined way of measuring behaviour

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23
Q

Unstructured Observation

A

No set categories to look for

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24
Q

Observer Bias

A

Only see what you want to see based on prior knowledge or subjective feelings

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25
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

takes place in setting where behaviour naturally occurs. Nothing manipulated

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26
Q

Ecological Validity

population Validity

Historical Validity

A

Measures how generalisable experiment findings are to;
real world
other people
other times

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27
Q

Controlled Observation

A

Standardised procedure

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28
Q

Covert Observation

A

Participant unaware that they are being watched

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29
Q

Overt Observation

A

Aware of being watched

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30
Q

Event Sampling

A

Record observation when target event behaviour occurs

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31
Q

Time Sampling

A

recording all behaviours during specified time period

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32
Q

Counterbalancing

A

Balances out order effects.
Half do condition 1 other half do condition 2 first.

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33
Q

Standardised Instructions

A

Same instructions for all participants

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34
Q

Ensuring Anonymity

A

Participants know results anonymous

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35
Q

Vicarious reinforcement

A

indirect learning through others experience of reward and punishment

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36
Q

Modelling

A

Someone influential on individual

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37
Q

Limitation

A

Observe and copy behaviour

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38
Q

identification

A

Wanting to be like role model depending on extent of similarities

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39
Q

Retention

A

Memory of behaviour must be formed to be performed by observer

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40
Q

Motivation

A

Behaviour likely to be imitated by observer if perceived reward outweighs perceived cost

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41
Q

Attention

A

Pivotal in whether behaviour has influence on others imitation

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42
Q

reproduction

A

Process of considering recreation of behaviour

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43
Q

Descriptive statistics

A

Anything that describes data

44
Q

Standard deviation

A

Measures amount of variation from mean

45
Q

What does a small standard deviation suggest?

A

Participants respond in similar way
Test was reliable

46
Q

Conditional probability

A

Probability of an event if something else occurs

47
Q

Sampling bias

A

When sample does not reflect characteristics of target population

48
Q

Opportunity sampling

A

Uses people from target population willing to take part in

49
Q

Systematic sampling

A

Choose subject in orderly way from target population

50
Q

Stratified sampling

A

Identify people making up target population and work out proportions needed for representative samples

51
Q

Random sampling

A

Everyone in target population has equal chance of selection

52
Q

Volunteer sampling

A

People who offer to be in study

53
Q

When do ethical issues exist?

A

When there is a conflict between participants rights and researcher gaining valuable findings

54
Q

Cost benefit analysis

A

Comparing potential cost and benefit of behaviour possible to predict which behaviour will occur

55
Q

Inter-rater reliability

A

Level of agreement between different ‘raters’

56
Q

How do you obtain good IRR?

A

Compare and agree on categories to use

57
Q

How do you check for IRR?

A

Conduct content analysis separately and compare tallies to check for reliable ratings
Statistical tests check for correlation

58
Q

Peer review

A

Where research is judged by experts in same field of study

59
Q

Why is peer review necessary?

A

To avoid fraud and false information

60
Q

Fabrication

A

Making up data

61
Q

Falsification

A

Changing data

62
Q

Plagiarism

A

Presenting someone else’s work as your own without their consent

63
Q

Scientific fraud

A

Act of deception and violating codes of scholarly conduct

64
Q

Publication bias

A

When outcome of research influences weather to publish it

65
Q

The file-drawer effect

A

Researchers not publishing studies that have no statistical significance

66
Q

Inferential tests

A

Mathematical tests allowing to accept or reject hypothesis

67
Q

Significant

A

Strong enough to accept hypothesis

68
Q

Interval data

A

Standardised measurement Eg) kg,cm,secs

69
Q

Ordinal data

A

Subjective, ranked in order Eg) scale 1-10

70
Q

Nominal data

A

Category and frequency
Eg) tally, tickbox, bar graph

71
Q

Related design

A

Matched pairs or repeated measures

72
Q

Unrelated design

A

Independent groups

73
Q

Parametric test

A

Normal distribution (internal only)

74
Q

Independent groups

A

Participants experience one type of IV

75
Q

Matched pairs

A

Participant’s experience one type of IV

76
Q

Repeated measures

A

Participant experiences both conditions of IV

77
Q

Lab study

A

Manipulated IV
Artificial environment

78
Q

Field study

A

Manipulated IV
Natural environment

79
Q

Natural study

A

Non-manipulated IV
Natural environment

80
Q

Quasi Study

A

Non-manipulated IV

81
Q

6 ethical issues are

A

Confidentiality
Deception
Debrief
Consent
Withdrawal
Participant harm

82
Q

Content analysis

A

Indirect observational method used to analyse human behaviour through studying human artefacts

83
Q

How do you perform a content analysis?

A
  1. Decide a research question
  2. Select sample
  3. Coding
  4. Work through data by tally number of times pre determined categories appear
  5. Data analysis to search for patterns
84
Q

What is an advantage of content analysis?

A

External validity because artefacts taken from real world

85
Q

What is a disadvantage of content analysis?

A

Researcher/observer bias

86
Q

Basic design

A

Every experiment has at least two experimental conditions allowing researcher to make comparisons between values of IV

87
Q

Systematic review

A

Psychologists review studies that have already been done

88
Q

Meta-analysis

A

Calculating overall finding on the basis of multiple previous studies

89
Q

Positive correlation

A

Scores rise and fall together

90
Q

Negative correlation

A

Scores rise and fall in opposite directions

91
Q

Structured interview

A

Set questions with limited answers

92
Q

Semi structured interview

A

Set questions but allow follow up questions

93
Q

Unstructured interview

A

No set questions and detailed answers

94
Q

Fixed choice

A

Tick box that applies to

95
Q

Likert scale

A

Indicates agreement with statement

96
Q

Rating scale

A

Strength of feeling towards topic

97
Q

What is an experiment?

A

Controlled situation where researcher manipulates IV to find effect on DV

98
Q

Type l error

A

False positive

99
Q

Type ll error

A

False negative

100
Q

Concurrent validity

A

Test produces the same result to benchmark test

101
Q

Face validity

A

Being able to tell what test is supposed to measure

102
Q

Ecological validity

A

How well test reflects real life situation

103
Q

Temporal validity

A

How well test results stand over time

104
Q

External reliability

A

Test-retest should produce the same results

105
Q

Internal reliability

A

Split half method to find strong positive correlation between both halfs

106
Q

Inter-observer reliability

A

Same research for all participants
Standardised procedure

A Level Psychology (6 decks)

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