Paper3 Schizophrenia

Question 1

Positive symptoms

Answer 1

Additional experience

Question 2

Negative symptoms

Answer 2

Loss of usual ability

Question 3

Hallucinations

Answer 3

Sensory experience of things that aren’t there

Question 4

Delusions

Answer 4

Irrational beliefs of grandiose or religion or paranoia

Question 5

Speech disorganisation

Answer 5

Changing topic of conversation quickly

Question 6

Catatonia

Answer 6

Unusual movement

Question 7

Flat affect

Answer 7

Lack of emotional expression

Question 8

Avolition

Answer 8

Lack of motivation

Question 9

Polygenic

Answer 9

Two or more genes determine disorder

Question 10

Aetiologically heterogenous

Answer 10

Number of different combinations of genes that lead to illness

Question 11

RIPKE(2014)

Answer 11

108 genetic loci associated with schizophrenia
Suggests aetiologically heterogenous disorder

Question 12

External reliability

Answer 12

Consistency of results from test when repeated

Question 13

Inter rater reliability

Answer 13

Consistency of investigators observing study

Question 14

Validity of schizophrenia

Answer 14

Extent to which it is a syndrome with specific characteristics or mixture of other disorders

Question 15

Validity of diagnosis

Answer 15

Are we correctly diagnosing disorder

Question 16

BUCKLEY

Answer 16

Simultaneous presence of disorders with schizophrenia
50% depression
20% OCD

Question 17

Candidate Gene

Answer 17

Chromosomal location associated with disease

Question 18

Genetics

Answer 18

Study of genes
Carry information from one generation to another

Question 19

Neutral correlates

Answer 19

Brain activity corresponds with behaviour

Question 20

Dopamine

Answer 20

Neurotransmitter for pleasure

Question 21

Concordance rate

Answer 21

Percentage of cases where both members of a pair have a particular attribute

Question 22

Genetic counselling

Answer 22

Understanding genetic illness and how it effects family

Question 23

Polygenic

Answer 23

Phenotype influenced by more than one gene

Question 24

Superior temporal gyrus

Answer 24

Attributes stimuli to internal and external causes of schizophrenia
Activity levels are lower leading to hallucinations

Question 25

Ventral striatum

Answer 25

Anticipation of reward Low activity on schizophrenics so loss of motivation

Question 26

Antipsychotics

Answer 26

Medication controls delusions and hallucinations

Question 27

Typical antipsychotics (first generation)

Answer 27

Severe side effects Dry mouth confusion Reduced dopamine

Question 28

Atypical antipsychotics (second generation)

Answer 28

Blocks dopamine receptors Acts on other neurotransmitters like serotonin Addresses negative symptoms Side effects of weight gain

Question 29

Prefrontal Cortex

Answer 29

Logical thinking So disorganised thoughts due to low activity in schizophrenics

Question 30

Visual cortex and auditory cortex

Answer 30

Processes info received by eyes and ears So auditory hallucinations

Question 31

Basal ganglia

Answer 31

Affects movement and thinking skills So motor dysfunction due to larger size in schizophrenics

Question 32

Amygdala

Answer 32

Responsible for fear and lust and hunger So loss of emotion due to smaller size in schizophrenics

Question 33

Delay discounting

Answer 33

Depreciation of value of a reward to time it takes to be released

Question 34

Auditory selective attention

Answer 34

Focus on certain stimuli to process info while disregarding other stimuli

Question 36

Alien control symptoms

Answer 36

Feelings of control are lost by Szic patient

Question 37

Meta representation

Answer 37

Reflecting on thoughts and behaviour and to know the intentions

Question 39

Token economy

Answer 39

Reward good behaviour with token that can be exchanged for desire

Question 40

Central control

Answer 40

RELEVANT STUDY: Stirling Stroop Test Suppress automatic responses while performing deliberate action

Question 41

Dysfunctional thought processing

Answer 41

Understanding and perception of the world

Question 42

Emotional over involvement

Answer 42

Excessive worry/ self sacrifice/ concern

Question 43

Expressed emotion

Answer 43

RELEVANT STUDY: Bootzlaff + Hooley Family dynamic Hostility, criticism, EOI

Question 44

Double bind

Answer 44

Communication style that has opposing message Disorganised thinking and paranoia

Question 45

Schizophrenic mother

Answer 45

Cold and rejecting Psychotic thinking, delusions

Question 46

Family dysfunction

Answer 46

RELEVANT STUDY: Tienari Sz symptoms due to family relationships

Question 47

Trice dyskinesia

Answer 47

Antipsychotic drugs cause this Rapid and jerky movement

Question 48

Dopamine antagonist

Answer 48

Block dopamine receptors eg) chlorpromazine

Question 50

Dependency

Answer 50

Predisposition to addiction of schizophrenic

Question 52

Hyperdopaminergia

Answer 52

Too much dopamine

Question 53

Hypodopaminergia

Answer 53

Too low dopamine

Question 54

Excitatory

Answer 54

Promotes action potential

Question 55

Inhibitory

Answer 55

Inhibits action potential

Question 56

Neural correlates

Answer 56

Distribution of brain activity and biochemistry increasing risk of Sz

Question 57

Dopamine hypothesis

Answer 57

RELEVANT STUDY: Leucht Hyperactivity of D2 receptor Positive symptom of Sz

Question 58

Prevalence

Answer 58

Proportion of population who have a disorder

Question 59

D2 dopamine receptor

Answer 59

Sleep, learning, attention, memory