formative mistakes

Question 1

What type of antibody binds to and activates mast cells

Answer 1

IgE

Question 2

Type of antibody that exists as a dimer in breast milk

Answer 2

IgA

Question 3

Lab technique used to monitor viral load in patient’s blood

Answer 3

PCR amplifies HIV genome in blood sample

Question 4

Anti-microbial protein secreted by epithelial cells at mucosal surfaces

Answer 4

Defensin

Question 5

Defensin

Answer 5

Small cysteine-rich cationic proteins that can bind to microbial cell membranes and assist in killing cells

Question 6

Fab fragment

Answer 6

Region of B cell that binds to the antigen

Question 7

Kill pathogens via membrane insertion and osmotic lysis

Answer 7

MAC

Question 8

Pinocytosis

Answer 8

Internalisation of fluids cells through invagination of the cell membrane

Question 9

Protein expressed on cytotoxic T cells

Answer 9

CD8

Question 10

Protein expressed on helper T cells

Answer 10

CD4

Question 11

PAMPs recognised by

Answer 11

PRRs and TLRs

Question 12

Endotoxin

Answer 12

Outer membrane and lipopolysaccharide released by gram-negative bacteria

Question 13

Prokaryote that produces spores

Answer 13

c diff

Question 14

Predominant cell type in a granuloma

Answer 14

Macrophage

Question 15

2 cell types predominantly found in granulation tissue

Answer 15

Endothelial cells and immature fibroblasts

Question 16

Type of necrosis in CNS

Answer 16

Liquefactive

Question 17

Blood supply to transverse colon

Answer 17

Middle colic artery

Question 18

Sigmoid mucosa histology

Answer 18

Simple columnar

Question 19

Fetal part of human placenta derived from

Answer 19

Trophoblast

Question 20

Steroid hormones

Answer 20

Bind to intracellular receptor which activates gene expression in the nucleus

Question 21

Substance in the body that directly stimulates protein kinase A

Answer 21

cAMP

Question 22

What explains the rapid contraction of human muscle cells producing lactic acid

Answer 22

Cells have to convert NADH to NAD+

Question 23

Cell type primarily targeted by statins

Answer 23

Hepatocytes

Question 24

Statins

Answer 24

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor that reduces plasma cholesterol levels

Question 25

G protein signalling terminated by

Answer 25

Hydrolysis of GTP to GDP at the alpha subunit

Question 26

Ions more quickly transported by carrier molecules or by ligand-gated ion channels

Question 27

Ions more quickly transported by carrier molecules or by ligand-gated ion channels

Answer 27

Ion channels

Question 28

Main way increase in sympathetic outflow leads to an increase in pre-load

Answer 28

Increase in renin secretion

Question 29

Renin

Answer 29

Mediates volume of extracellular fluid and arterial vasoconstriction

Question 30

Secondary active transport

Answer 30

Transporter couples movement of an ion down its concentration gradient with the movement of a another molecule against its concentration gradient

Question 31

Primary active transport

Answer 31

Transport of molecules against a concentration gradient by using energy from ATP

Question 32

Symports

Answer 32

2 molecules same direction

Question 33

Antiports

Answer 33

2 molecules different directions

Question 34

Cell initially involved with lipid uptake in the vessel wall

Answer 34

Macrophage

Question 35

Macrophages formed by

Answer 35

Differentiation of monocytes

Question 36

Pathophysiological mechanism that leads to oedema in RS heart failure

Answer 36

Increased venuole hydrostatic pressure

Question 37

Mechanism of action of GTN

Answer 37

Metabolised to NO, activates Guanylyl Cyclase, GTP to c GMP, protein Kinase G, Myosin Phosphate, CrossBridges, Vasodilation Norman makes a GC and invites everyone to Get To Party to camp GlaMP, Kevin Gavin wants to go but Mary Poppins is not. she burns bridges with them and they spread apart

Question 38

Most likely pathogen IV drug user

Answer 38

Staph Aureus

Question 39

Diagnostic test for DVT

Answer 39

Doppler ultrasound of leg vein

Question 40

First-line drugs for reduction of serum cholesterol

Answer 40

Statins

Question 41

Why prescribe amlodipine and not ACE/ARBs to African-Caribbean patients

Answer 41

They have low renin-system activity

Question 42

Aortic stenosis associated with

Answer 42

LV HYPERTROPHY, Mitral stenosis and endocarditis

Question 43

Thrombus in LA usually a result of

Answer 43

left trial arrhythmias

Question 44

Amlodipine likely to cause

Answer 44

Ankle swelling

Question 45

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction

Answer 45

Left ventricle lost ability to relax normally - diastolic dysfunction

Question 46

Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction

Answer 46

Left ventricle loses ability to contract - systolic dysfunction