hi, these too x

Question 1

Mantoux test

Answer 1

Tests for TB

Question 2

Suspected legionnaire’s disease

Answer 2

Urinary antigen enzyme immunoassay test

Question 3

Stimulates activation of central chemoreceptors

Answer 3

Hydrogen ions

Question 4

Pre-hepatic jaundice

Answer 4

Excessive RBC breakdown overwhelms the liver’s ability to conjugate bilirubin

Question 5

Pre-hepatic jaundice type of bilirubin

Answer 5

Unconjugated

Question 6

Hepatic jaundice type of bilirubin

Answer 6

Both

Question 7

Post-hepatic jaundice type of bilirubin

Answer 7

conjugated

Question 8

Post hepatic jaundice cause

Answer 8

Pathway of bilirubin in biliary tree is obstructed, conjugated bilirubin seeps into bloodstream

Question 9

Pre hepatic jaundice cause

Answer 9

Excessive RBC breakdown overwhelms liver with unconjugated bilirubin, unconjugated bilirubin seeps into bloodstream

Question 10

Hepatic jaundice cause

Answer 10

Liver itself is impaired and cannot conjugate bilirubin OR pressure in liver is to high

Question 11

Frank-starling law

Answer 11

As end-diastolic volume increases, stroke volume increases

Question 12

Protein digested by

Answer 12

Pepsin

Question 13

Pepsin secreted by

Answer 13

Chief cells in the stomach

Question 14

Bradykinin

Answer 14

Vasodilator

Question 15

2 ways angiotensin II increases BP

Answer 15

Acts on receptors in vascular smooth muscle AND stimulates aldosterone production that increases water reabsorption

Question 16

Glucose travels from lumen via

Answer 16

active transport via SGLT1

Question 17

Pancreatic lipase

Answer 17

Hydrolyses triglycerides into 2-monoglyceride and 2 free fatty acids

Question 18

Trypsinogen

Answer 18

Activated in SI to trypsin which activates chymotrypsinogen to chymotrypsin. BUT MAINLY THEY DIGEST PROTEINS INTO PEPTIDES

Question 19

Amylase

Answer 19

Hydrolyses starch to maltose

Question 20

Law of LaPlace

Answer 20

Smaller the radius of a sphere (alveoli lol) the greater the surface tension and collapsing pressure

Question 21

Presence of surfactant, why?

Answer 21

Reduces surface tension and reduces collapsing pressure aaaaand improves lung compliance

Question 22

Peripheral chemoreceptors

Answer 22

Carotid bodies and aortic arch

Question 23

An excess of saline reduces

Answer 23

Haemoglobin concentration

Question 24

Adult respiratory distress syndrome caused by

Answer 24

Destruction of alveolar endothelium by neutrophils

Question 25

Citric acid cycle location

Answer 25

Mitochondrial matrix

Question 26

The T lymphocytes activated in asthma mainly belong to ____ variant

Answer 26

Th2

Question 27

Sarcomeres

Answer 27

Contractile units of cardiac myocytes

Question 28

SPP: For every 1 ATP used

Answer 28

3 sodium out 2 potassium in

Question 29

Ryanodine receptors

Answer 29

Hold calcium in intracellular stores

Question 30

Ryanodine receptors activated by

Answer 30

Calcium ions entering the L-type DHPR calcium channel from extracellular space

Question 31

Isovolumetric contraction

Answer 31

All valves closed and ventricles contract

Question 32

Isovolumetric relaxation

Answer 32

All valves closed and ventricles relax

Question 33

Angiotensin II stimulates

Answer 33

Secretion of aldosterone by the adrenal cortex

Question 34

Spironolactone and eplerenone

Answer 34

Aldosterone receptor antagonists

Question 35

Ticagrelor

Answer 35

P2Y12 receptor antagonist which reduces platelet aggregation and thrombus formation

Question 36

LV ejection fraction

Answer 36

SV divided by end-diastolic volume

Question 37

SV =

Answer 37

end-diastolic volume - end-systolic volume

Question 38

Use ACE inhibitors for hypertension

Answer 38

Under 55s and t2 diabetics

Question 39

Blood flow =

Answer 39

Change in pressure / resistance

Question 40

5 Fs of gall stone risk

Answer 40

``` Fat Female Fertile Fair Forty ```

Question 41

Worse after fatty foods

Answer 41

Biliary colic

Question 42

reactive hyperaemia

Answer 42

vasodilation and transient increase in blood flow that occurs in response to tissue ischaemia

Question 43

vascular cell adhesion molecule 1

Answer 43

a protein expressed on the endothelial cells of the internal surface of blood vessels in response to pro-atherosclerotic conditions, not expressed under baseline

Question 44

Inferior MI artery

Answer 44

Right coronary artery

Question 45

Inferior Mi leads

Answer 45

II, III and avf

Question 46

Lateral MI artery

Answer 46

left circumflex

Question 47

Lateral MI leads

Answer 47

I, V5-6

Question 48

Rovsings sign

Answer 48

Appendicitis, palpation in the left lower quadrant of a patient's abdomen causes pain in the right lower quadrant

Question 49

Murphys sign

Answer 49

Gallbladder inflammation, upper border of the examiner's hand in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen under the rib cage. Inhalation causes the gallbladder to descend which catches on the fingers causing pain.

Question 50

Thiazide / thiazide like drugs

Answer 50

inhibits sodium reabsorption by blocking the Na+-Cl− symporter at the beginning of the distal convoluted tubule