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Phase 2A :!: > Formatives > Flashcards

Formatives Flashcards

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1
Q

Name of main effector cell in acute inflammation?

A

Neutrophil polymorphs

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2
Q

Name of cell produces collagen in fibrous scaring?

A

Fibroblasts

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3
Q

Is appendicitis acute or chronic inflammation?

A

Acute

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4
Q

What crystals are deposited in joint in gout?

A

Uric acid crystals

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5
Q

Does granulomatous inflammation occur in Crohn’s disease?

A

YES

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6
Q

What is a granuloma?

A

a collection of macrophages surrounded by lymphocytes

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7
Q

What is the specific name of calcification in diseased as opposed to normal tissue?

A

Dystrophic calcification

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8
Q

Name a disease with chronic inflammation from the start.

A

Infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever)

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9
Q

what cells produce antibodies?

A

Plasma cells

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10
Q

Which tumour does not metastasise?

A

Basal cell carcinoma (of skin)

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11
Q

Which 5 cancers preferentially metastasise to bone?

A

Breast, prostate, lung, thyroid, renal

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12
Q

Term to describe cancer not invaded through basement membrane?

A

carcinoma in situ

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13
Q

What is the name of a benign tumour of glandular epithelium?

A

Adenoma

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14
Q

Which cancers have screening programs in the UK?

A

Breast cancer, colorectal cancer, cervical cancer

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15
Q

What is the name of a benign tumour of fat cells?

A

Lipoma

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16
Q

What is the name of a malignant tumour of glandular epithelium?

A

Adenocarcinoma

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17
Q

Features of malignant tumours

A

Vascular invasion, Metastasis, Increased cell division

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18
Q

What is the word used to describe a malignant tumour of epithelial cells?

A

carcinoma

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19
Q

what is a leiomyoma?

A

a benign tumour of the smooth muscle - e.g. fibroids

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20
Q

where does ovarian cancer most commonly spread to?

A

the peritoneum

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21
Q

What are the two types of immune response in humans?

A

innate and acquired

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22
Q

What WBC is most abundant in humans and are characterised by the multi-lobed shape of their nucleus?

A

neutrophils

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23
Q

Which antigen presenting cell is considered a professional at activating lymphocytes?

A

Dendritic cells

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24
Q

Name some components of the innate immune mechanism.

A

Mucosa
Inflammatory mechanisms
Skin
Antimicrobial peptides

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25
Antigen presenting cells process and present antigens for recognition by...
T cells
26
Name a feature of the adaptive immune response.
B and T cells
27
What are compliments involved in?
Complements are the proteins that are involved in the clearance of antigen/bacteria
28
Name a part of the Elimination phase of complement activation?
Production of interferons
29
What are live attenuated vaccine in the UK?
MMR + BCG
30
Polysaccharide vaccines are composed of long chains of sugar molecules that make up the surface capsule of certain bacteria. Polysaccharide vaccines are available for the treatment of which diseases?
Pneumoccocal disease Salmonella typhi meningococcal disease
31
True of false ulcerative colitis is an organ specific autoimmune disease?
False
32
Name some classical PAMPs.
Flagellin, a protein found in bacterial flagella Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria Peptidoglycan, found in bacterial cell walls Lipoarabinomannan of mycobacteria
33
how long does osteoarthritis morning stiffness last?
10-30 minutes
34
Alternating buttock pain in what arthritis?
SpondyloArthritis
35
where is it most common to find pain in the hand in osteoarthritis?
pain in 1st carbo-metacarpal joint- base of thumb
36
what are some extra-articular manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis?
subcutaneous nodules Episcleritis- inflammation of outer sclera of eye, red slightly painful, can also get scleritis peripheral sensory neuropathy carpel tunnel ulnar compression pericardial and pleural effusion - more common in seropositive - exudate fluid (high protein)
37
where is most common site for subcutaneous nodules?
elbow, can also be on achilles and patellar tendon
38
what is the histology of subcutaneous nodules?
fibrinoid necrosis in centre of nodule, rig of placating macrophages, cuff of lymphocytes around outside
39
What are the X-ray features of rheumatoid arthritis?
periarticular erosions - moth eaten bits at end of joint => can lead to joint malformation
40
what are some X ray features of osteoarthritis?
JOSSA - Joint space narrowing, osteophytes, subchondral sclerosis, sub chondral cysts, abnormalities of bone contour
41
when is imaging done on back pain?
with red flags
42
what percentage of bone density must be lost for a lytic tumour to be visible on X-ray?
>60% of bone density
43
what diet change could be made in gout?
``` low red meat content - purines low Fizzy drinks - fructose low sugary food - fructose low alcohol - alcohol competes with eat more dairy - increases uric acid excretion ```
44
what are the autoimmune connective tissue diseases?
SLE, primary Sjorgen's syndrome, systemic sclerosis, dermatomyositis => antinuclear antibody autoimmune
45
is Euler's Danlos syndrome autoimmune?
NO - inherited, defects in collagen
46
what are some associated signs and symptoms of systemic lupus eryethematosus?
deforming non-erosive arthritis, photosensitive rash, pulmonary embolism (often associated with antiphospholipid syndrome), seizures, mallor rash ESR high and CRP low, low WBC and platelet count
47
what is the treatment of SLE?
antimalarial - hydroxychloriquine
48
Allopurinol used to treat?
gout
49
sulfasalzine used to treat?
rheumatoid arthritis and sometimes psoriatic arthritis | can induce drug induced lupus - positive ANA person
50
Ustekinuab - IL12/23 blockers - used to treat?
psoriatic arthritis
51
anti-TNF used to treat which rheumatological diseases?
rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritid, | can induce drug induced lupus - positive ANA person
52
what are the symptoms of giant cell arteritis?
``` headache jaw claudication general malaise sudden sight loss early morning stiffness ``` high CRP and ESR affects large vessels
53
how to treat giant cell arteritis?
steroids - almost instantly better
54
anchor vasculitis affects what kind of blood vessels?
small
55
what is the typical age of giant cell arthritis presentation?
peak age 70
56
what is no longer the leading cause of childhood joint infection due to vaccination?
haemophilus influenza
57
what is the most common causative agent of joint infection?
S. Aureus
58
what are the investigations for osteomyelitis?
plain X-ray, MRI, blood cultures,
59
how long does it take X-rays to change in osteomyelitis?
2 weeks => do MRI before this if on antibiotics, if not on antibiotics take BLOOD CULTURES
60
what is the most frequent infecting organism after a joint replacement?
coagulase negative staph - staph epidermis
61
axial ankylosing spondylitis features
young, axial (spine AND ribcage), inflammatory (improved with ibuprofen), ilial back pain (spreading only to kne)
62
is disc pain improved by bending forwards of backwards?
forwards
63
what is the most common causative bacteria for cellulitis?
group A beta-haemolytic strep - streptococcus pyogenes

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