FSE Exam Cheat Sheet Q's

Question 1

*WHAT IS THE GENERAL FLUID RATE FOR A SHOCK PATIENT?

Answer 1

80 - 90ML/KG/HOUR

may need two catheters to administer

Question 2

What is the shock rate for a dog?

Answer 2

90ml/kg/hr

A dog that weighs 20kg (20kgx90ml/kg/hr) would be given 1800ml in the first hour.

Question 3

What is the shock rate for a cat?

Answer 3

60ml/kg/hr

thus the average 4kg cat would need to receive 240ml in the first hour (4kg x 60ml/kg/hr = 240ml/hr).

Question 4

A typical maintenance fluid rate is?

Answer 4

60ml/kg/day or 2.5ml/kg/hr

Question 5

maintenance fluid rate for a horse?

Answer 5

50ml/kg/day plus the ongoing losses.

Question 6

Why is blood typing/matching vital in cats?

Answer 6

Cats have blood types of A, B and rarely AB.

If type A is given to a type B, the cat can suffer a fatal transfusion reaction.

If type B is given to a type A cat there will be a lesser reaction but the blood transfusion will be ineffective as the cells will be destroyed.

Without cross matching there is a 23% chance of a fatal transfusion reaction.

Question 7

What are signs to observe when looking for pain?

Answer 7

animal's orientation in the cage
posture
level of movement
exercise tolerance and activity level
facial expression
attitude
vocalising
difficulty standing, walking, taking stairs, jumping, or getting up.
changes in urination and defecation habits
decreased grooming (especially in cats).

Question 8

Common signs of pain in dogs?

Answer 8

Decreased social interaction
Anxious expression
Submissive behavior
Refusal to move
Whimpering
Howling
Growling
Guarding behavior
Aggression; biting
Decreased appetite
Self-mutilation (chewing)
Changes in posture

Question 9

Common signs of pain in cats?

Answer 9

Reduced activity
Loss of appetite
Quiet/loss of curiosity
Changes in urinary/defecation habits
Hiding
Hissing or spitting
Lack of agility/jumping
Excessive licking/grooming
Stiff posture/gait
Guarding behavior
Stops grooming/matted fur
Tail flicking
Weight loss

Question 10

What are opiods?

Answer 10

act centrally to reduce the perception of pain

Question 11

What are NSAIDS?

Answer 11

act locally at the site of pain to reduce inflammation.

Question 12

Describe opiod agonists

Answer 12

those that bind and stimulate opioid receptors in the CNS
VERY powerful and are most commonly used for ACUTE pain for a short period of time

eg morphine, methadone, pethadibe, fentanyl

associated with side effects

• bradycardia
• hypotension
• sedation
• resp. depression
• urinary retention
• vomiting
• defecation
• constipation

Question 13

Describe opiod partial agonists

Answer 13

bind and stimulate some receptors, but bind, block and inhibit other receptors

side effects are reduced, although the level of pain relief is only moderate

work well for visceral pain

eg butorphanol (Torbugesic, Dolorex)

Question 14

Describe opiod antagonists

Answer 14

bind, block and inhibit opioid receptors
used for treating agonist opioid overdoses.
eg Naloxone.

Question 15

How do NSAIDS work?

Answer 15

act specifically at the site of pain or inflammation at the site of injury or disease NOT AT THE CNS

by interfering with prostaglandin production, which are chemicals made in response to inflammation.

BOTH pathways produce prostaglandins that promote inflammation, pain and fever, but ONLY COX-1, produces prostaglandins which protect the stomach lining and support platelet activity

Some NSAID’S inhibit BOTH COX 1 & COX 2, by blocking the COX 1 pathway we have the potential to damage stomach lining

Question 16

A bit about Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (Corticosteroids)?

Answer 16

reduce inflammation by suppressing prostaglandin production, thereby providing analgesia
suppress the immune system and they also delay healing
should never be administered concurrently with NSAIDs

Question 17

Signs of transfusion reaction?

Answer 17

Fever
Changes in heart rate and respiratory rate
Facial swelling
Tremors, agitation, urination
Vomiting
Maybe diarrhoea
Weakness
Collapse
Seizures

Question 18

Signs of haemolytic reactions?

Answer 18

can be acute w/in mins, or delayed up to 21 days
Tachypnea
Salivation
Tachycardia
Weakness
Muscle tremors
Vomiting
Collapse
Haemoglobinaemia
Haemoglobinuria
Renal failure

Question 19

What are the five stages of grief?

Answer 19

shock
anger
bargaining
depression
acceptance.

Question 20

What aims should you use when discussing euthanasia with a client?

Answer 20

tact
empathy
discretion
diplomacy

Question 21

When should toy discuss body disposal options with the client?

Answer 21

BEFORE euthanasia

Question 22

Describe procedure to set up IVFT

Answer 22

prepare equipment:

warm fluids to body temperature
have catheter of a suitable size for the animal (and a spare)
prepare giving set and other appropriate lines, extension set, etc.
check and double check fluid is correctly prescribed, in date, undamaged, and visually clear
prepare Fluid Pump if appropriate
connect up bag aseptically, clear air from line,
maintain sterility at all times
prepare for skin’s surgical prep
Insert the IV Catheter and attach the line
Tape the catheter to avoid It being pulled out
Flush with heparin-saline
Turn on fluids and adjust flow rate to suit patient
Secure the apparatus from patient interference

Question 23

What is the ideal concentration for O2 supplementation?

Answer 23

40-60% humidified

Question 24

at are some medical conditions that neonates are prone to?

Answer 24

Hypoxia
Hypothermia
Hypoglycaemia
Infection – septicaemia, diarrhoea, pneumonia
Congenital defects

Question 25

What are the aims of first aid?

Answer 25

``` save life prevent further injury reduce pain reduce stress reduce chance of infection increase the rate of recovery ```

Question 26

What does DRABC stand for?

Answer 26

``` D = Danger -Assess the situation R = Response -Can the patient respond? A = Airway -Ensure the airway is clear so that the animal can breathe. B =Breathing -Make sure the animal is breathing. C =Circulation -Is the heart beating? Is there a pulse? Check the animal’s mucous membrane colour and capillary refill time (CRT). Check for haemorrhage. ```

Question 27

What is the first aim of CPR? What is the second aim of CPR?

Answer 27

1. to preserve life | 2. Maintain circulation (oxygen delivery)

Question 28

How many minutes is a cardiac arrest emergency? | ie how long before permanent brain damage occurs?

Answer 28

3 minutes

Question 29

List the symptoms of cardiac arrest

Answer 29

``` Unconscious No heart beat No pulse Slow capillary refill time Grey to bluish-purple coloured mucous membranes (cyanosis) Fixed dilated pupils ```

Question 30

Describe external cardiac compression procedure

Answer 30

Compress and release the chest to create pressure changes in the blood vessels, forcing blood to circulate. Lay the animal on its right side Place your hands where its left elbow touches the chest, approximately the middle of the rib-cage Compress the chest 15 times followed by 2 rescue breaths. Compress at a rate similar to the normal heart rate. (as a guide, compress 3 times every 2 seconds = 90 compressions per minute) Monitor effectiveness - check the pulse, mucous membrane colour and capillary refill time

Question 31

Cardiac compressions plus artificial respiration together is ...?

Answer 31

CPR | CardioPulmonary Resuscitation

Question 32

Describe the first aid management of shock

Answer 32

Perform the ABC of first aid Lay patient on its side, extend the neck and lower head Control any haemorrhage Apply Warmth Seek veterinary attention - where the patient will receive intravenous fluids, oxygen and medication, and the cause treated.

Question 33

Outline the steps for basic wound dressing

Answer 33

Clean the wound, must be patted dry before bandaging ``` 1st layer (contact layer) must be sterile and non-stick, non-fibrous, conform to wound shape, absorbent to allow drainage to next layer. Gauze pad often used ``` 2nd layer (absorbent) wrap from toes or tail tip towards body. Apply several layers. cottonwool, softban Outer layer (porous adhesive tape) wrap from toes upwards. anchor at margins to skin/hair to stop slipping. vetwrap, elastoplast

Question 34

Describe the technique for admin of IV injection

Answer 34

``` Safe restraint of animal with correct positioning Shave site Swab with antiseptic/alcohol Remove all air from syringe Raise vein – compress it proximally can use heat in lab animals Insert needle with bevel up Draw back for flash of blood to double check you are in the vein Release proximal compression Inject slowly When finished, withdraw needle quickly, apply pressure to site for 1 minute Check that no haemorrhage occurs ```

Question 35

DEscribe technique for IV catheter placement

Answer 35

Prepare all equipment prior to procedure Safe restraint of animal with correct positioning Shave site Swab with antiseptic/alcohol Raise vein – compress it proximally Insert catheter into the skin over the vein at an angle of approx 30 degrees, with stylet bevel up Look for flash of blood Change angle to be more level with the angle of the vein Advance catheter over the stylet along the direction of the vein, while proximal compression is released Remove stylet Look for flash of blood to double check you are still in the vein Place catheter plug (injection port) Tape catheter into position

Question 36

What are colloids?

Answer 36

type of fluid plasma expanders consisting of plasma, whole blood and synthetic colloids eg dextran, gelatines help w/ treatment of hypovolaemia and low BP expensive may cause anaphalaxis associated w/ acute renal failure and bleeding disorders

Question 37

What are the aims of fluid therapy?

Answer 37

Rehydrate (replace fluid deficits) Maintain normal hydration Replace lost blood volume Provide oxygen carrying capacity Replace essential electrolytes and nutrients Act as a vehicle for continuous intravenous infusion of drugs

Question 38

What fluid is typically used for maintenance?

Answer 38

hypotonic crystalloid such as 0.45% NaCl + 2.5% Glucose. Maintenance fluids must provide the animal with its normal fluid intake, allow for normal losses of fluid from the body. A typical maintenance rate is 60ml/kg/day or 2.5ml/kg/hr

Question 39

What is the normal HR, RR and temp for a DOG?

Answer 39

HR 70-140 bpm RR 10-30 Temp 38.3 - 39.2˚C

Question 40

What is the normal HR, RR and temp for a CAT?

Answer 40

HR 100 - 200 RR 20 - 30 Temp 38.2 - 38.6

Question 41

What is the normal HR, RR and temp for a HORSE?

Answer 41

HR 30 - 40 RR 12 - 20 Temp 37.2 - 38.9˚C

Question 42

Surgical/ anaesthetic fluid rate?

Answer 42

Usually

Question 43

Dehydration fluid rate = ?

Answer 43

Maintenance + Dehydration + ongoing losses