Fungal Infections Flashcards by Mackenzie Hopkins

Primary pathogens

•histoplamsa
•blastomyces
•coccidioides

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Opportunists

•candida
•aspergillus
•cryptococcus
•pneumocystis

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Dimorphic meaning

•able to hyphae and yeast

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At temp below 30 what form is a dimorphic fungi in

Hyphae

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In temp above 30 what form is a dimorphic fungi in

Yeast

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Histoplasmosis description

•most common pathogenic
•South America and hot places
•spores dispersed by wind and animals

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What animals are infected by histoplasmosis

bats, birds

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what animal areas can histoplasmosis be commonly found

Chicken coops and caves

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Where does histoplasmosis survive and replicate

-macrophages
-fish eye look

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what are ‘fish-eye’ macrophages

macrophages infected by histoplasmosis

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What does histoplasmosis inhibit

phagosome-lysosome fusion

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what problems does histoplasmosis cause

-chronic pulmonary histoplasmosis
-issues in skin, spleen and liver

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where is Coccidioidomycosis found

-alkaline soils
-hot climates
-deserts

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what places are Coccidioidomycosis found

-south west US
-Mexico
-South America

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examples of Coccidioidomycosis

-coccidiodes immitis
-Coccidiodes posadasii

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What is inhaled to have a Coccidioidomycosis

-arthroconidia

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what do arthroconidia of Coccidioidomycosis turn into

spherules in the lungs

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symptoms of Coccidioidomycosis

-flu like illness for immunocompetent
-60% asymptomatic

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Where does dissemination of Coccidioidomycosis happen in immunocompromised

-skin, bone, CNS

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what do spherules of Coccidioidomycosis contain

endospores

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Where are Blastomycosis found

-Organic matter
-decaying wood
-forest soil
-beaver dams
-peanut farms

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how are Blastomycosis aquired

inhaled conidia (spores) on infect skin

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Example of a Blastomycosis

Blastomyces dermatitidis

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What countries are Blastomycosis found

-mid-west and south-west US
-Africa
-Middle East

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Blastomycosis symptoms

-cough fever - flu-like -acute or chronic illness

Acute condition

-sudden -short term

Chronic condition

-gradual -long-term

dissemination of Blastomycosis in immunocompromised

-spleen -liver -skin -bone -UG tract

what fungi primary pathogen fungi are resistant to phagocytosis and why

Blastomycosis due to thick cell wall

where can Candidiasis be found

-gut flora -oral cavity -genitalia -large int -skin

3 types of diseases Candidiasis can cause

-superficial -cutaneous -systemic

Candidaemia meaning

Candidiasis in blood due to catheters and antibiotics

Oesophageal Candidiasis

-ulceration -nausea -vomiting

where can Candidiasis disseminate

anywhere around body -inc heart

Candida pathogenesis

Dimorphism

Candida morphology over time

yeast -> pseudohyphae -> hyphae

what fungi can have biofilm formation

-Candida -Coccidiodes -histoplasma

what is the only candida species to not make biofilm

C. glabrata

effectiveness of biofilms

-resistance to physical and chemical stress -ROS and antifungals -further spread

Candida biofilm contents

-matrix of glycoproteins, carbs, lipids and nucleic acids -efflux pumps CDR1 + CDR2

Adhesion of Candida

-Agglutinin like sequence -Als3 -glycophophatidyl surface proteins

how is Als3 helpful

-hyphae faze -adhesion to endo and epithelial cells, matrix -biofilm formation

Candida invasion

kills immune cells and allows invasion to tissue and dissemination through blood

Candida immune evasion

-hyphal growth -induces own endocytosis -complement 3 mimicry -superoxide dismutase

types of Aspergillosis

-allergic ABPA -chronic pulmonary Aspergillosis -Invasive Aspergillosis

what is aspergilloma

Aspergillosis growth on brain

Complications of Aspergillosis

-exotoxin -alzheimers

exotoxin effects from Aspergillosis Flavus

-nephratoxic and hepatoxic -linked to liver cancer

Aspergillosis immune evasion

-ciliary movement inhibited by fungi toxins -germination into hyphae - loss of TLR4 recognition

what Cryptococcosis is dangerous for immunocompetent

C. neoformans var. Gattii

Cryptococcosis grubii description

-encapsulated yeats -thick spikey polysaccharide cell wall -glucuronoxylomannan

how is Cryptococcosis spread

bird guano

Cryptococcosis infection mode

infect lungs; -cough -fever -granuloma formation

Cryptococcosis virulence

-capsule -glucuronoxylomannan reduced leukocytes -trojan horse from blood to brain -titan cells

Titan cells - Cryptococcus neoformans / C. grubii

-too large to be phagocytosed -dissemination -altered PAMPS

PCP (pneumocystis pneumonia) examples

Pneumocystis jirovecii

PCP (pneumocystis pneumonia) morphology

yeast but life cycle not fully understood

PCP (pneumocystis pneumonia) pathology

-commensal upper resp -transmission through droplets -multiplies intra and extra cellularly

what does PCP (pneumocystis pneumonia) cause

-inflammation of lungs -heavy secretions -block breathing

how is PCP (pneumocystis pneumonia) identified

-by cysts in tissue and sputum -cyanosis

Immunity to fungi

-cell mediated immunity -detected by PRRs -Th1 Th17 protective -Th2 susceptibility

macrophages response to fungi

-PAMPs on fungi detected -Phagocytose fungal cells by ROS RNS -recruit neutrophils -T-cell activation

Neutrophils reaction to fungi

-killing by NETs -Phagocytosis by ROS and lysosomal enzymes -recruit monocytes into macrophages

Dendritic cells react to fungi

-PAMPs detected by PRR -phagocytosed -polarisation

C. albicans Immunity

-CCL28 - antifungal peptide -systemic response = Th1 -mucosal response = Th17

What is a granuloma

-large cluster of cells and matrix - nodules in tissue

what does a granuloma do

massive recruitment of inflammatory cells to site of infection

is granuloma formation always positive

no could be pathogenic -tissue displacement -cavitation -organism dispersal

Granuloma formation sequence

infection -> inflam -> granuloma -> fibrosis calcification -> cavitation and necrosis -> transmission

Granuloma layers

-inner macrophages -surrounded by T cells -further cells recruited - fibroblasts

treatment of granuloma

Calcifies off regions to keep contained

necrotising granuloma

caseation (cheese like tissue) -liquifaction can cause cavities

fungal granulomas found

-mostly in lungs

Coccidiomycosis granuloma composition

Eosinophils

Blastomycosis granuloma composition

neutrophils

granuloma formation in primary pathogens

-Immunocompetent -immunocompromised - disseminating disease

granuloma formation in opportunistic pathogens

only in immunocompromised

Pneumocystis in summary is

Pneumonia in AIDS patients

Cryptococcus summary

meninges and brain

Candida summary

antibiotics, surgery

Aspergillus summary

IA, CPA, and ABPA

Fungal Infections Flashcards

(81 cards)