Gut parasites

Question 1

What are ectoparasites

Answer 1

arthropods that live on or in other animals

Question 2

Three main types of parasites

Answer 2

-protozoa
-helminths
-ectoparasites

Question 3

Types of protozoa infectious to humans

Answer 3

-amoeba
-flagellates
-coccidia

Question 4

Protozoa descriptions

Answer 4

-single celled
-microscopic

Question 5

how are intestinal protozoa transmitted

Answer 5

faecal-oral route

Question 6

how are blood/tissue protozoa transmitted

Answer 6

arthropod vectors

Question 7

Describe helminths

Answer 7

-large multicellular
-Adults visible to naked eye

Question 8

Can adult form helminths multiply

Answer 8

-adult forms cannot multiply within humans

Question 9

How are helminths transmitted

Answer 9

-ingestion, penetration or bites

Question 10

ways to diagnose gut parasites

Answer 10

-ova, cysts + parasites from stool samples + perianal swabs
-wet mount (slides)
-concentration method
-staining

Question 11

Protozoa gut life cycle

Answer 11

-ingestion of cysts from food/water
-excyst in stomach
-trophozoites in intestine
-cysts in faeces

Question 12

what is trophozoite

Answer 12

feeding + dividing stage in hosts’ intestine

Question 13

what is a cyst

Answer 13

environmentally resistant stage for transmission

Question 14

what is usually the target for protozoa parasite

Answer 14

cysts

Question 16

what are the most likely protozoa to cause UK outbreaks

Answer 16

-Giardia (Flagellates)
-Cryptosporidium (Coccidia)

Question 17

what is giardia

Answer 17

Flagellate protozoa parasite

Question 18

what is cryptosporidium

Answer 18

Coccidia protozoa parasite

Question 19

Symptoms of giardia

Answer 19

-Acute explosive diarrhoea
-sulforous burps
-flatulence

Question 20

Anthroponotic meaning

Answer 20

infection/disease passed onto animals from humans

Question 21

giardia can be passed by what type of transmission

Answer 21

-anthroponotic
-zoonotic

Question 22

what does giardia do within the gut

Answer 22

-attach to small bowel mucosa by ventral sucking disc
-encystation as move towards colon

Question 23

what does giardia do to the gut

Answer 23

-epithelial inflammation
-villous flattening
-malabsorption

Question 24

laboratory diagnosis methods of giardia

Answer 24

1) Microscopy
2) Immunoassays
3) PCR

Question 25

Microscopy of giardia description

Answer 25

-cysts; oval, 10-14um, 2-4 nuclei, may be blue-green

Question 26

How is cryptosporidium transmitted

Answer 26

zoonotic

Question 27

symptoms of cryptosporidium infection

Answer 27

-profuse watery diarrhoea -abdo pain -nausea -vomiting

Question 28

diagnosis methods for cryptosporidium

Answer 28

-acid fast - modified ZN stain -fluorescent

Question 29

stage of cryptosporidium for diagnosing

Answer 29

-oocysts

Question 30

cryptosporidium oocysts under microscope

Answer 30

-bright pink/red -spherical -4-6um -sometimes crescent with large clear area

Question 31

how many types of infective helminths

Answer 31

~300

Question 32

Helminths infection description

Answer 32

-often disable rather than kill -extremely long-lived -asymptomatic -> fatal

Question 33

nematodes

Answer 33

roundworms

Question 34

cestodes

Answer 34

tapeworms

Question 35

trematodes

Answer 35

flukes

Question 36

how are roundworms aquired

Answer 36

soil transmission

Question 37

how are tapeworms aquired

Answer 37

undercooked food and poor hygeine

Question 38

how are flukes aquired

Answer 38

oral ingestion or skin penetration

Question 39

roundworm gender

Answer 39

male and female

Question 40

tapeworm gender

Answer 40

hermaphroditic

Question 41

flukes gender

Answer 41

hermaphroditic

Question 42

how many hosts needed for flukes

Answer 42

two or more

Question 43

how many hosts needed for tape worms

Answer 43

one or more

Question 44

when does the immune response to helminths happen (stage)

Answer 44

as adults in the gut or close organs

Question 45

at what helminth stage are they tested for

Answer 45

-as adults

Question 46

tests for helminths

Answer 46

-serology - immune response -imaging - pathology

Question 47

how are helminth cysts viewed

Answer 47

microscopy

Question 48

type of nematode parasite

Answer 48

-enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)

Question 49

what is enterobius vermicularis know as

Answer 49

pinworm

Question 50

Pinworm description

Answer 50

-cosmopolitan spread around world -direct or faecal-oral route -slight discomfort -serious issues rare

Question 51

tapeworm scientific name

Answer 51

Taenia spp.

Question 52

pork tape worm

Answer 52

Taenia Solium

Question 53

beef tape worm

Answer 53

Taenia Saginata

Question 54

tapeworm decription

Answer 54

-proglottids - identical segments -asymptomatic -oncosphere hooks -rare allergic reactions

Question 55

T. saginata infection rates

Answer 55

-76 million -more than T.solium

Question 56

T. saginata size

Answer 56

1000-2000 proglottids -100,000 eggs

Question 57

T. Solium infection rates

Answer 57

5 million -less than T. saginata

Question 58

T. solium description

Answer 58

-1000 proglottids -50,000 eggs -cysticercosis

Question 59

trematode parasite examples

Answer 59

Schistosoma spp.

Question 60

Schistosoma examples

Answer 60

S. mansoni S. japonicum

Question 61

where is Schistosoma found

Answer 61

-reservoirs - dogs, cattle, rodents, pigs, horses

Question 62

Schistosoma infection

Answer 62

-asymptomatic -skin hypersensitivity -granulatomous reactions -fibrosis in liver + spleen -RARE - CNS lesions