Respiratory Tract Infections

Question 1

How does the tract lining prevent infection

Answer 1

•mucus traps
•cilia movement

Question 2

Biological methods of removing organisms

Answer 2

•antibodies in mucus
•enzymes
•alveoli macrophages

Question 3

Upper respiratory tract includes?

Answer 3

•nose
•mouth
•pharynx
•larynx
•trachea

Question 4

What classes as an upper respiratory tract infection

Answer 4

•infection above the trachea

Question 5

What includes the lower respiratory tract

Answer 5

•bronchi
•bronchioles
•alveoli

Question 6

What is classes as a lower respiratory tract infection

Answer 6

•infection below the trachea

Question 7

Why is a lower respiratory tract infection worse than an upper respiratory infection

Answer 7

•infects sterile parts
•no commensal bacteria unlike upper

Question 8

Normal microbiota of upper respiratory tracts

Answer 8

•Gamma and Alpha streptococci
•Neisseria
•Haemophilus
•Moraxella

Question 9

Bacteria causing respiratory infection

Answer 9

•streptococcus pneumonia
•Haemophilus influenza
•moraxella catarrhalis
•corynebacterium diphtheria
•s. Pyogenes
•s. Aureus
•mycoplasma pneumonia

Question 10

Viruses causing respiratory infection

Answer 10

•rhinovirus
•influenza virus
•respiratory syncytial virus
•coronavirus

Question 11

Fungi that cause respiratory infections

Answer 11

•aspergillus
•candida

Question 12

Bacterial infection of the mouth symptoms

Answer 12

•swollen uvula
•white spots
•swollen tonsils
•redness
•grey furry tongue

Question 13

Viral infection of the mouth symptoms

Answer 13

•swollen tonsils
•redness

Question 14

What is otitis media

Answer 14

Infection of the middle ear

Question 15

What causes otitis media

Answer 15

Group A streptococcus (pyogenes)

Question 16

What causes sinusitis

Answer 16

•haemophilia influenzae
•strep pneumonia
•moraxella catarrhalis

Question 17

Bacterial infections of the URTI

Answer 17

•otitis media
•sinusitis
•pharyngitis/tonsilitis
•laryngitis/ epiglottitis/ laryngotracheitis

Question 18

What bacteria causes pharyngitis/ tonsillitis

Answer 18

•Group A streptococcus
•H. Influenzae
•C. Diphtheriae
•strep pneumoniae
•S. Aureus

Question 19

What bacteria causes laryngitis/ epiglottitis/ laryngotracheitis

Answer 19

•H. Influenzae
•C. Diphtheriae
•M. Catarrhalis

Question 20

What is croup

Answer 20

•laryngitis
•epiglottitis
•laryngotracheitis

Question 21

Haemophilus influenzae gram test

Answer 21

Gram negative

Question 22

Is Haemophilus influenzae normal in URT flora

Answer 22

No uncommon to be found naturally

Question 23

What does it mean that Haemophilus influenzae is fastidious

Answer 23

Requires blood for growth

Question 24

Describe Haemophilus influenzae

Answer 24

•coccobacillus
•non motile
•non spore forming
•encapsulated

Question 25

Haemophilus influenzae reaction to catalase and oxidase test

Answer 25

•positive to both

Question 26

Haemophilus influenzae virulence factors

Answer 26

•fimbriae •PRP polysaccharide capsule •neuraminidase •IgA protease

Question 27

How are fimbriae virulence factors

Answer 27

•adherence

Question 28

How does PRP polysaccharide capsule act as a virulence factor

Answer 28

•protects from phagocytosis •facilitates penetration to blood and CSF *vaccine target

Question 29

How does neuraminidase acts as a virulence factor

Answer 29

Breaks down mucus

Question 30

How does IgA protease act as a virulence factor

Answer 30

Destroys antibodies

Question 31

What is bronchitis described as

Answer 31

•inflammation of bronchiole tubes •causes excess mucus

Question 32

Symptoms of bronchitis

Answer 32

•bought up sputum (phlegm) •wheezing •shortness breathe •chest pain

Question 33

What bacteria can cause bronchitis

Answer 33

•haemophilus influenzae •strep pneumonia •moraxella catarrhalis

Question 34

What is pneumonia classed as

Answer 34

•inflammation of lungs •primarily alveoli •filled with fluid/pus

Question 35

What can cause pneumonia

Answer 35

•bacterial •viral

Question 36

Is bacterial or viral pneumonia more severe

Answer 36

•bacterial pneumonia usually more severe and common

Question 37

Symptoms of pneumonia

Answer 37

•cough •chest pain •fever •shortness of breath •sputum

Question 38

The 4 pneumonia classifications

Answer 38

•community •hospital •ventilator •walking/atypical

Question 39

Describe community acquired pneumonia

Answer 39

•outside of medical or institutional •mild -> death

Question 40

Describe hospital aquired pneumonia

Answer 40

•hospital or institution •highest mortality rate of nosocomial inf •antibiotic resistant

Question 41

Nosocomial infection

Answer 41

Hospital acquired

Question 42

Describe walking/atypical pneumonia

Answer 42

•any pneumonia not caused by the common pathogens

Question 43

How is ventilator associated pneumonia diagnosed

Answer 43

•bedside examination •radio graphic exam •microbiological exam

Question 44

How does ventilator pneumonia progress

Answer 44

•biofilm gradually form on tracheal tube •becomes impervious antibiotics

Question 45

What is the most common infection in intensive care

Answer 45

Ventilator pneumonia

Question 46

Organisms causing early ventilator pneumonia

Answer 46

•Haemophilus •strep pneumoniae •methicillin sensitive s aureus MSSA

Question 47

Organisms causing late ventilator pneumonia

Answer 47

•resistant pathogens !! •pseudomonas aeruginosa •acinetobacter •methicillin resistant S aureus (MRSA)

Question 48

MRSA cos MSSA

Answer 48

•MRSA = methicillin RESISTANT •MSSA = methicillin SENSITIVE

Question 49

How does strep pneumonia act under aerobic conditions

Answer 49

•alpha hemolytic

Question 50

How does strep pneumonia act under anaerobic conditions

Answer 50

•beta haemolytic

Question 51

Describe strep pneumonia

Answer 51

•gram + •diplococci -> short chains •lacks catalase

Question 52

Strep pneumonia virulence factors

Answer 52

•polysaccharide capsule •adhesion proteins •toxins

Question 53

How does strep pneumoniae induce lung injury

Answer 53

1-Lyt A = bacterial autolysis 2-pneumolysin release 3-induced neutrophil death (pores formed) 4-neutrophil elastase released 5-impaired phagocytosis 6-IL 8 7-epithelia of alveolar death

Question 54

Strep pneumonia toxins

Answer 54

•autolysin A •pneumolysin •pspC •pspA •hyaluronate lysase

Question 55

Strep pneumonia adhesive factors

Answer 55

•capsule •endolase •pneumococcal adhesion + virulence A •nanA + nanB

Question 56

What does pspC do

Answer 56

•binds to human secretory component •aids in translocation

Question 57

What does pspA do

Answer 57

Prevents C3 from binding to strep surface

Question 58

What do nanA and nanB do

Answer 58

•aid colonisation •modify host glycoproteins •reveal adherence receptors

Question 59

What does hyaluronate lysase do

Answer 59

•breaks hyaluronon - connective tissue

Question 60

What do pneumococcal adhesion and virulence A do

Answer 60

•binds to fibronectin - promotes adhesion

Question 61

What does endolase do

Answer 61

•promotes adhesions through plasmalogen •induces neutrophil death

Question 62

Bacteria causing infections in cystic fibrosis

Answer 62

•s aureus •haemophilus influenzae •pseudomonas aeruginosa •Burkhderia cepacia

Question 63

How does pseudomonas aeruginosa affect cystic fibrosis

Answer 63

•main cause of mortality •mucus encourages biofilm formation •causes ventilator pneumonia

Question 64

Describe pseudomonas aeruginosa

Answer 64

•gram - rod •opportunist •motile •facultative anaerobe •oxidase and catalase positive

Question 65

Upper respiratory infections

Answer 65

•pharyngitis + tonsillitis •otitis media •sinusitis •laryngitis + epiglottis

Question 66

Lower respiratory infections

Answer 66

•pneumonia •VAP •bronchitis