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Infectious Diseases > Fungi Causing Human Infections > Flashcards

Fungi Causing Human Infections Flashcards

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1
Q

endogenous meaning

A

-commensal
-internal origin

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2
Q

Exogenous meaning

A

-environmental
-external origin

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3
Q

Are fungi mainly pathogenic or safe

A

mainly non-pathogenic

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4
Q

Medically important fungi characteristics

A

-Eukaryotes
-Rigid cell wall
-Heterotrophs
-Non-motile
-Unicellular
-Asexually
-Some toxins

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5
Q

Yeast morphology

A

-around 3um
-agar like bacteria

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6
Q

Hyphae morphology

A

-1-20um
-agar grows mould

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7
Q

Septate hyphae

A

divided cells by septi

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8
Q

Multinucleated hyphae

A

no septum

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9
Q

Pseudohyphae

A

elongated yeast cells that don’t divide

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10
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

-mycelia fuse
-sexual spore forms
-germination
-mycelia grow

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11
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

-mycelia form asexual spore structure
-asexual spores
-germination
-mycelia

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12
Q

Fungal cell wall component

A

-Mannoproteins
-Chitin
-Ergosterol
-Glucans

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13
Q

Extra cell wall components for Aspergillus and histoplasma

A

Cell wall Galactomannan

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14
Q

Extra cell wall components of Cryptococcus

A

Call capsule GXM

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15
Q

Sterol components of mammals

A

Cholesterol

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16
Q

Sterol components of fungi

A

Ergosterol

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17
Q

Function of ergosterol

A

-stabilises cell membrane
-essential
-permeability

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18
Q

Where medically can fungi be found

A

-long term in medical devices, lines, recent surgery, drugs

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19
Q

Samples taken to identify fungi

A

-Skin
-nails
-sputum
-bronchioalveolar lavage
-biopsies
-CSF
-blood

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20
Q

Specific antigen tests for fungi

A

-β-1-3 D glucan
-Galactomannan
-Specific PCR

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21
Q

β-1-3 D glucan tests for what

A

-Candida
-Apergillus
-Pneumonocystis

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22
Q

Galactomannan tests for

A

–Aspergillus
-Histoplasma

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23
Q

Sensitivity meaning

A

-Don’t miss cases
-Can be false positive

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24
Q

Specificity meaning

A

-no false positives
-cases can be missed

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25
What is β-1-3 D glucan good for
Good for detection of invasive infections
26
when β-1-3 D glucan false positives
-Permeability gut lining is high -Contaminated drugs -Dialysis
27
where is Galactomannan found
-blood -sputum
28
Galactomannan good for
-testing invasive Aspergillus if neutropenic
29
Galactomannan when false positives
-cereals -environment
30
Why can fungal infections be hard to positively identify
-difficult to culture -need large sample volumes
31
What are used to detect a fungi
-calcofluor white -fluorescence microscopy
32
what do Calcofluor white and fluorescence microscopy detect
chitin
33
what are fungal infections called
mycoses
34
3 levels of classification of fungal infections
-morphology -level of invasion -level of virulence
35
morphology of causative agents
-yeast -filamentous hyphae -thermally dimorphic fungi
36
levels of invasion
-cutaneous/superficial -subcutaneous -systemic
37
levels of virulence
-primary pathogen -dermatophytes (intermediate) -secondary
38
Reproduction methods in yeast
budding and sporulation
39
can some yeast produce hyphae
yes under certain conditions
40
What yeast can form hyphae
Candida spp.
41
Examples of yeast
-Candida; albicans, tropicalis etc -Pneumocystis jeroveci -Crytococcus neoformans
42
Examples of filamentous fungi
-Aspergillus -Fusarium -Zygomyces -Microsporum -Trichophyton
43
What are characteristics of dimorphic fungi
can grow as yeast of hyphae
44
what type of pathogen are dimorphic fungi
primary pathogen
45
primary pathogen meaning
infect a healthy individual
46
Examples of dimorphic fungi
-Histoplasma capsulatum -Blastomyces dermatitidis -C. posadasil -Paracoccidiodes brasilinesis
47
What happens to dimorphic fungi in high temp, decreased O2 and suboptimal nutrients
reproduces by budding or sporulation YEAST
48
What happens to dimorphic fungi in lower temp, optimal O2 and improved nutrients
reproduction by sporulation HYPHAE
49
what is a fungi called in natural habitat
Saprobic phase
50
what is fungi called in animal host
Parasite
51
superficial mycoses description
-confined to outermost layer -do not invade living tissue
52
Cutaneous mycoses description
-extend deeper into epidermidis -invasive hair and nail diseases
53
cutaneous infections called
dermatophytes
54
where do subcutaneous infections reside
-dermis, subcutaneous tissue and muscle
55
Cutaneous consists of?
-Epidermis -Dermis
56
Subcutaneous consists of?
Hypodermis
57
How do systemic diseases begin?
1) Often lungs - can be gut, sinus or skin 2) Via bloodstream and lymphatic system
58
What are dermatophytes
-part of human microbiota
59
what do dermatophytes produce and what infections do they cause
-keratinase -superficial skin infections (ring worm, nail infections)
60
what type of pathogens are secondary
opportunistic
61
secondary pathogens description
-disease in immunocompromised -10-15% of infections -can lead to systemic
62
secondary pathogen examples
Candida, Aspergillus, Zygomyces
63
Dermatophytes examples
-Trichophyton -Microsporum -Malassezia
64
Primary pathogen fungi description
-cause pneumonia type disease -endemic to particular geographic regions -thermally dimorphic fungi -Inc in immunocompromised
65
Pathogenesis of primary fungi
generally enter through respiratory route
66
How do fungi cause disease (4)
1) bulk (invade tissue + disrupt func) 2) immune response 3) competitive metabolism 4) Toxic metabolites
67
Are mycoses usually communicable
-Usually not -except some Candida and dermatophytes
68
how to macrophages and dendritic cells find fungi
Dectin-1 *recognises beta-glucan
69
what does Dectin-1 recognise
beta-glucan
70
what is our immunity to fungi
-little -neutrophils + macrophages -Th1,17,2 -antibodies occasionally
71
Immune evasion by fungi
-Blocking beta-glucan receptor -hyphael growth -inhibit; phagocytosis, opsonisation, NO production -mimic host components
72
Primary immunodeficiency
born with
73
secondary immunodeficiency
acquired -pregnancy, tumours, illnesses

Infectious Diseases (15 decks)

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