gastroenteritis

Question 1

what does it cause

Answer 1

diarrhoea +/- vomiting

Question 2

what treatment has reduced mortality rates

Answer 2

oral rehydration

Question 3

who is at risk of infection

Answer 3

• travellers
• men having sex with men
• infants in day-care

Question 4

what virus causes outbreaks

Answer 4

norovirus

Question 5

what do some people get post-infection

Answer 5

IBS

Question 6

can e.coli cause diarrhoea

Answer 6

yes

Question 7

what produces enterotoxins

Answer 7

by the bacteria adhering to the intestinal epithelium

Question 8

what kind of diarrhoea does enterotoxins cause

Answer 8

watery

Question 9

what enterotoxins are already in food

Answer 9

• staph aureus

- bacillus cereus

Question 10

what causes rice food poisoning

Answer 10

bacillus cereus

cooked rice left standing overnight at room temperature

Question 11

what do cytotoxins damage

Answer 11

the intestinal mucosa

Question 12

what causes watery diarrhoea

Answer 12

enterotoxins

Question 13

what else does bacillus cereus and staph aureus cause

Answer 13

profuse vomiting

Question 14

where is salmonella found

Answer 14

• livestock

- oviducts of chicken (eggs)

Question 15

what does salmonella produce that causes diarrhoea

Answer 15

enterotoxins

Question 16

when does salmonella symptoms occur

Answer 16

12-48

Question 17

symptoms of salmonella

Answer 17

• nausea
• cramping
• abdominal pain
• diarrhoea
• fever

Question 18

characteristics of diarrhoea caused by salmonella

Answer 18

profuse and watery or bloody

Question 19

how is salmonella diagnosed

Answer 19

culturing the organism from blood or faeces

Question 20

what is treatment of salmonella

Answer 20

empirical and includes oral rehydration

Question 21

what type of infection is campylobacter jejuni

Answer 21

zoonotic infection

Question 22

what animals have campylobacter jejuni

Answer 22

poultry and cattle

Question 23

what is the most common cause of outbreaks of diarrhoea

Answer 23

campylobacter jejuni

Question 24

what are the sources of campylobacter jejuni outbreaks

Answer 24

• undercooked meat (beefburgers)

- contaminated milk products and water

Question 25

how long is incubation period of campylobacter jejuni

Answer 25

2-4 days

Question 26

symptoms of campylobacter jejuni

Answer 26

- nausea - diarrhoea - severe abdominal cramps

Question 27

what is diarrhoea like in campylobacter jejuni

Answer 27

profuse and watery

Question 28

diagnosis of campylobacter jejuni

Answer 28

stool cultures

Question 29

treatment of campylobacter jejuni

Answer 29

azithromycin

Question 30

what causes shigella

Answer 30

poor hygiene

Question 31

when do symptoms start in shigella

Answer 31

24-48 hours

Question 32

symptoms of shigella

Answer 32

- small-volume stools +blood | - dehydration

Question 33

treatment of shigella

Answer 33

antibiotics - decreases severity | - ciprofloxacin

Question 34

diagnosis of e.coli

Answer 34

stool culture

Question 35

what type of infection is e.coli

Answer 35

zoonotic

Question 36

what animals can cause e.coli

Answer 36

cattle

Question 37

when does e.coli present

Answer 37

12-48 hours

Question 38

symptoms of e.coli

Answer 38

- diarrhoea + blood - abdominal pain - nausea

Question 39

what can patient develop in e.coli

Answer 39

- thrombotic thrombocytopenic | - haemolytic uraemic syndrome

Question 40

treatment of e.coli

Answer 40

supportive

Question 41

what happens if antibiotics is given to patient with e.coli

Answer 41

higher risk of developing HUS

Question 42

what can staph aureus produce

Answer 42

heat-stable toxin

Question 43

what causes staph aureus

Answer 43

poor food hygiene

Question 44

how long does it take for symptoms in staph aureus

Answer 44

2-4 hours

Question 45

symptoms of staph aureus

Answer 45

- violent vomiting | - profuse watery diarrhoea

Question 46

when do symptoms stop in staph aureus

Answer 46

within 24 hours

Question 47

symptoms of bacillus cereus

Answer 47

- vomiting | - watery diarrhoea

Question 48

symptoms of clostridium difficile

Answer 48

- watery diarrhoea - haemorrhagic colitis - lower abdominal pain

Question 49

what is clostridium difficile

Answer 49

- gram-positive - anaerobic - spore forming - found as part of normal bowel flora

Question 50

what can cause c.difficile

Answer 50

antibiotic therapy

Question 51

what can c.difficile cause

Answer 51

- intractable diarrhoea | - toxic megacolon

Question 52

diagnosis of c.difficile

Answer 52

detect A or B toxins in the stools using ELISA

Question 53

treatment of c.difficile

Answer 53

- metronidazole 3 times a day or vancomycin 4 times a day

Question 54

what is main treatment for gastroenteritis

Answer 54

oral rehydration solutions

Question 55

source of staph aureus

Answer 55

- humans | - contaminated food and water

Question 56

incubation period of staph aureus

Answer 56

2-4 hours

Question 57

symptoms of staph aureus

Answer 57

- diarrhoea - vomiting - dehydration

Question 58

diagnosis of staph aureus

Answer 58

culture of organism

Question 59

source of e.coli

Answer 59

- salads - water - ice

Question 60

incubation period of e.coli

Answer 60

24 hours

Question 61

symptoms of e.coli

Answer 61

watery diarrhoea

Question 62

diagnosis of e.coli

Answer 62

stool culture

Question 63

source of bacillus cereus

Answer 63

- rice - ice cream - chicken

Question 64

incubation period of bacillus cereus

Answer 64

1-6 hours

Question 65

symptoms of bacillus cereus

Answer 65

- vomiting | - diarrhoea

Question 66

diagnosis of bacillus cereus

Answer 66

culture of organism in faeces

Question 67

source of clostridium perfringens

Answer 67

- contaminated food

Question 68

incubation period of clostridium perfringens

Answer 68

8-22 hours

Question 69

symptoms of clostridium perfringens

Answer 69

- watery diarrhoea | - cramping pain

Question 70

diagnosis of clostridium perfringens

Answer 70

culture of organism

Question 71

sources of listeria monocytogenes

Answer 71

- milk - raw - vegetables - dairy products - unpasteurised cheese

Question 72

symptoms of listeria monocytogenes

Answer 72

- colic - diarrhoea - vomiting

Question 73

diagnosis of listeria monocytogenes

Answer 73

stool culture

Question 74

source of salmonella

Answer 74

- cattle - poultry (eggs) - meat

Question 75

incubation of salmonella

Answer 75

12-48 hours

Question 76

symptoms of salmonella

Answer 76

- abrupt diarrhoea - fever - vomiting

Question 77

diagnosis of salmonella

Answer 77

stool culture

Question 78

source of campylobacter jejuni

Answer 78

- cattle - poultry - meat

Question 79

incubation period of campylobacter jejuni

Answer 79

48-96 hours

Question 80

symptoms of campylobacter jejuni

Answer 80

- diarrhoea + blood - fever - malaise - abdominal pain

Question 81

diagnosis of campylobacter jejuni

Answer 81

stool culture

Question 82

source of shigella

Answer 82

- contaminated food and water | - humans

Question 83

incubation of shigella

Answer 83

24-48 hours

Question 84

symptoms of shigella

Answer 84

- watery diarrhoea + blood

Question 85

diagnosis of shigella

Answer 85

stool culture