physiology Flashcards
(406 cards)
1
Q
why is ingested food essential
A
as an energy source
2
Q
what are the 4 basic processes of the digestive system
A
- motility
- secretion
- digestion
- absorption
3
Q
what is motility
A
muscular contractions that mix and move forward the contents
4
Q
what are the 2 types of motility
A
- propulsive
- mixing movements
5
Q
what is propulsive movements
A
propel or push the contents forward through the digestive tract
6
Q
function of small intestine
A
main site of digestion and absorption
7
Q
is movement in the small intestine fast or slow
A
slow to allow time for absorption
8
Q
what muscle controls movement in small intestine
A
smooth
9
Q
what is mixing movements
A
mixing food with digestive juices
10
Q
where does motility involve skeletal muscle
A
mouth through oesophagus into stomach
external anal sphincter
11
Q
what is secreted
A
a number of digestive juices excreted by exocrine glands
12
Q
what is in digestive secretions
A
- water
- electrolytes
- specific organic constituents
13
Q
are digestive excretions reabsorbed
A
yes
14
Q
what happens if digestive excretions are not reabsorbed
A
- vomiting
- diarrhoea
15
Q
what are the 3 biochemical categories of food stuff
A
- carbohydrate
- protein
- fats
16
Q
can carbohydrate cross plasma membrane
A
no
17
Q
what is digestion
A
breakdown of complex food stuff into smaller absorbable units
18
Q
examples of monosaccharide
A
- glucose
- fructose
- galactose
19
Q
are monosaccharides found in diet
A
rarely
20
Q
how are most carbohydrates ingested
A
as polysaccharides
21
Q
what is the most common polysaccharide consumed
A
starch
22
Q
where is starch derived
A
plant sources
23
Q
what carbohydrate do meats contain
A
glycogen
24
Q
what carbohydrate is found in plant cell walls
A
cellulose
25
examples of disaccharides
- sucrose
| - lactose
26
what is lactose
milk sugar
27
how are carbohydrates absorbed
monosaccharides
28
what makes up proteins
amino acids
29
what are proteins broken down into
small polypeptides
30
what is the form of dietary fat
triglyceride
31
what makes up triglyceride
glycerol with three fatty acids molecules
32
what is end product of fat digestion
monoglycerides and free fatty acids
33
how is digestion accomplished
hydrolysis
34
where does absorption occur
in small intestine
35
what are the accessory digestive organs
- salivary glands
- exocrine pancreas
- biliary system (liver and gallbladder)
36
what does digestive tract include
- mouth
- pharynx
- oesophagus
- stomach
- small intestine
- large intestine
- anus
37
what makes up small intestine
- duodenum
- jejunum
- ileum
38
what makes up large intestine
- caecum
- appendix
- colon
- rectum
39
what are the layers of the digestive tract
- mucosa
- submucosa
- muscularis externa
- serosa
40
what does the mucosa line
the luminal surfaces of the digestive tract
41
what are the 3 layers of mucosa
- epithelium
- lamina propria
- muscularis mucosa
42
what does epithelium contain
- exocrine glands
- endocrine glands
- epithelial cells
43
what do epithelial cells do
absorb digested nutrients
44
what layer is the lamina propria
middle layer
45
what does lamina propria house
the gut associated lymphoid tissue
46
what is the muscularis mucosa
smooth muscle
| it is outer most
47
where in the digestive tract is there the most folding
small intestine
48
what occurs in mouth
chewing
49
what occurs in pharynx
swallowing
50
what occurs in stomach
relaxation
51
what occurs in small intestine
segmentation
| migrating motor complex
52
what is the submucosa
thick layer of connective tissue
53
what does submucosa provide
distensibility and elasticity
54
what does submucosa contain
blood and lymph vessels
55
what nerve network is in submucosa
submucosal plexus
56
what is the muscularis externa
smooth muscle coat
57
what are the layers of muscularis externa
- inner circular
| - outer longitudinal
58
what network is in muscularis externa
myenteric plexus
59
what is the outer layer
serosa
60
what does serosa secrete
watery, slippery fluid that lubricates and prevents friction between organs
61
what is the serosa continuous with
mesentery
62
what does the electrical activity occur as
slow wave
63
what is another name for the slow waves
basically electrical rhythm
64
what are the pacemaker cells called
interstitial cells of cajal
65
where are the insterstitial cells of cajal located
in-between longitudinal and circular smooth muscle layers
66
slow waves are action potentials
| true or false
false
slow waves are rhythmic, wavelike fluctuations in membrane potential that bring the membrane closer to threshold potential
67
how are interstitial cells of cajal connected
via gap junctions
68
how are smooth muscle cells connected
by gap junctions
69
do muscle contract in sync
yes
70
what does the intensity of the contractions depend on
number of action potentials that occur when the slow wave reaches threshold
71
what happens at threshold
voltage gated calcium channels are activated
72
how does sympathetic affect GI tract
inhibits or slow down digestive tract contraction and secretions
73
what dominates under resting conditions
parasympathetic
74
how does parasympathetic reach
vagus nerve
75
what does parasympathetic stimulation do
increase smooth muscle motility and promote secretions of digestive enzymes and hormones
76
what are mechanoreceptors sensitive to
stretch or tension within the wall
77
where is entry to the digestive tract
the mouth or oral cavity
78
what does palate form
the arched roof or oral cavity
79
what is tongue controlled by
skeletal muscle
80
what is at the side walls of the pharynx
tonsils
81
what are tonsils
lymphoid tissues
82
what is mastication
chewing
83
where do jaw bones articulate
temporomandibular joint
84
what are the most important salivary proteins
- amylase
- mucus
- lysozyme
85
how does saliva being digestion
through salivary amylase
86
what does saliva amylase break down
polysaccharides into maltose
87
how does saliva provide lubrication
through mucus
88
how does saliva provide antibacterial action
through lysozyme
89
what immunoglobulin is present in saliva
IgA
90
does saliva neutralise acids
yes through bicarbonate buffers
91
is saliva essential for breakdown of food
no
92
what is xerostomia
difficulty in chewing and swallowing
93
why is saliva constantly produced
through low level stimulation of parasympathetic nerve endings
94
what are the 2 salivary reflexes
the simple
| conditioned
95
when does simple saliva reflex occur
when chemoreceptors and pressure receptors within the oral cavity respond to presence of food
96
where is salivary centre
medulla
97
when does conditioned salivary reflex occur
without oral stimulation
| by thinking, seeing, smelling food
98
what autonomic innervation is dominant in salivary excretion
parasympathetic
99
what type of saliva is produced in response to parasympathetic
abundant flow of watery saliva that is rich in enzymes
100
what type of saliva is produced in response to sympathetic
smaller volume of thick saliva that is rich in mucus
101
what does digestion in the mouth involve
hydrolysis of polysaccharide into disaccharide by amylase
102
where is most digestion achieved
in stomach
103
what does acid inactivate
amylase
104
does absorption occur in the mouth
no
105
what drug can be absorbed by oral mucosa
nitroglycerin
106
what is nitroglycerin
vasodilator drug used in angina
107
what movement is associated with pharynx and oesophagus
swallowing
108
when is swallowing initiated
when a bolus of chewed or liquid food is forced by the tongue to the rear of the mouth
109
Where is swallowing centre located
in medulla
110
what does swallowing centre inhibit
respiratory centre in the brain
111
what prevents food from entering nasal passage
uvula
112
what prevents food from entering airways
epiglottis
113
does food enter trachea or oesophagus
oesophagus
114
what prevents food re entering the mouth
tongue against hard palate
115
what is the first part of the trachea
larynx (voice box)
116
what aligns the vocal folds
contraction of laryngeal muscles
117
what contracts to force the bolus into the oesophagus
pharyngeal muscles
118
where does oesophagus extend between
pharynx and stomach
119
does oesophagus penetrate diaphragm
yes
120
what guards the oesophagus
sphincter
121
how many sphincter in oesophagus
2
122
is the upper oesophageal sphincter usually open or closed
closed
| to prevent air entering stomach
123
what happens if air enters stomach
burping
124
what does swallowing centre trigger
primary peristaltic wave
125
what is peristalsis
ringlike contractions of circular smooth muscle that move progressively forward
126
what innervates peristalsis
parasympathetic
127
if food gets lodged how does it get moved
second more forceful peristaltic wave is initiated
128
does the second peristaltic wave involve the swallowing centre
no
| patient is usually oblivious this happens
129
what does lower oesophageal sphincter prevent
reflux of acidic gastric contents
130
what is the symptoms when gastric contents flow back through
heartburn
131
what does oesophagus excrete
mucus
132
what are the 3 parts of the stomach
- fundus
- body
- antrum
133
where is the fundus
part of the stomach above the oesophageal opening
134
where is body
middle part (main)
135
where is the antrum
lower part
136
what makes up the antrum
heavier musculature
137
what separates stomach from duodenum
pyloric sphincter
138
what is stomachs main function
stores ingested food until it can be emptied
139
what does the stomach secrete
hydrochloric acid and enzymes
140
what odes hydrochloric acid do
starts protein digestion
141
what does stomach produce
chyme
142
can the stomach expand throughout a meal
yes
143
where are interstitial cells of cajal in the stomach
upper fundus region
144
what are the slow waves like in fundus and body
weak
145
what are the slow waves like in atrium
much stronger
146
what keeps the pyloric sphincter closed
tonic contraction
147
what factors in stomach controls rate of stomach emptying
- volume of chyme
- stomach distension
- intrinsic plexuses
- consistency of chump
148
what intrinsic mechanisms control gastric emptying
vagus and gastrin
149
what factors in duodenum control rate of stomach emptying
- duodenum must be empty and have room
| - presence of fat, acid
150
what are enterogastrones
hormones in small intestine mucosa
151
what do enterogastrones do
reduce gastric emptying
152
examples of enterogastrones
CCK
| secretin
153
what produces secretin
S cells
154
what produces CCK
I cells in duodenum and jejunum
155
what does fat in the duodenum do
inhibit gastric emptying
156
what neutralises chyme
sodium bicarbonate
157
how do sadness and fear affect gastric motility
decrease it
158
what does anger and aggression affect gastric motility
increase it
159
does the stomach control vomiting
no
160
why is someone sick
contraction of diaphragm and abdominal muscles
161
where is vomiting centre
medulla
162
what begins vomiting
deep inspiration and closure of glottis
163
what is lost during vomiting
secreted fluids and acids
164
what are the 2 areas of gastric secretions
- oxyntic mucosa
| - pyloric gland area
165
where is oxyntic mucosa
lines body and fundus
166
where is pyloric gland area
lines the antrum
167
where are gastric glands
in gastric pits
168
what cells line gastric pits
mucous cells
169
what do parietal cells secrete
HCl
| intrinsic factor
170
what cells are in oxyntic mucosa
- mucous
- chief
- parietal
- enterochromaffin cell
171
what cells are in pyloric gland area
- G cell
| - D cell
172
what do chief cells secrete
pepsinogen
173
what does hydrochloric acid do
activates pepsinogen
| denatures proteins
174
what does intrinsic factor do
facilitate absorption of vitamin B12
175
what does enterochromafin cell secrete
histamine
176
what do G cells secrete
gastrin
177
what do D cells secrete
somatostatin
178
what does histamine do
stimulates parietal cells
179
what does gastrin do
simulate parietal cells
180
what does somatostatin do
inhibit parietal cells, G cells
181
what does HCl do
- activates pepsinogen to an active enzyme pepsin
- denatures protein
- kills microorganism ingested with food
182
what produces pepsinogen
chief cells
183
how is pepsinogen stored in chief cells
in vesicles known as zymogen granules
184
how does pepsin initiate protein digestion
splitting certain amino acid linkages in proteins to yield peptide fragments
185
what is the surface of the gastric mucosa covered by
layer of mucus
186
what secretes intrinsic factor
parietal cells
187
why is intrinsic factor important
absorption of vitamin B12
188
what is vitamin B12 important for
formation of red blood cells
189
what results when vitamin B12 is reduced
anaemia
190
where are G cells found
gastric pits
191
where are D cells more numerous
duodenum
192
what is somatostatin released in response to
acid
193
what are the 3 phases of gastric secretion
1. cephalic
2. gastric
3. intestinal
194
when does cephalic occur
by stimuli in the head before food even reaches the stomach
195
what happens first in cephalic
vagal stimulation promotes ACh which intern leads to increased HCl secretion and pepsinogen
196
what else does the vagus nerve stimulate in cephalic phase
G cells
197
what does increased gastrin stimulate
enterochromaffin cells
198
when does gastric phase occur
when food enters the stomach
199
what does distension, caffeine and alcohol do to gastric secretion
increase it
200
what is the intestinal phase
inhibitory
201
what is released in response to high gastric acid
somatostatin
202
how often is the entire stomach lining replaced
every 3 days
203
what disease is caused when gastric barrier is exposed
peptic ulcer
204
what 2 substances are absorbed by the stomach
- ethanol
| - aspirin
205
where are most drugs absorbed
small intestine
206
what is the endocrine part of the pancreas
Islets of Langerhans
207
what are the 2 cell types of exocrine pancreas
- acinar
| - duct
208
what does duct cell secrete in the pancreas
aqueous solution
209
what do acinar cells of the pancreas secrete
digestive enzymes
210
what is the alkaline component of the pancreas rich in
sodium bicarbonate
211
where are pancreatic enzymes stored
in zymogens
212
what is important about pancreatic enzymes
they can digest food in the absence of all other enzymes
213
what are the 3 types of enzymes secreted by acinar cells
- proteolytic enzyme
- pancreatic amylase
- pancreatic lipase
214
what do proteolytic enzymes do
protein digestion
215
what do pancreatic amylase do
carbohydrate digestion
216
what does pancreatic lipase do
fat digestion
217
what are types of proteolytic enzyme
- trypsinogen
- chymotripsinogen
- procarboxypeptidase
218
what is trypsinogen active form
trypsin
219
what does trypsin then activate
the other 2 enzymes
220
what does pancreatic amylase convert
polysaccharide into disaccharide (maltose)
221
what is the only enzyme in the digestive tract that can break down fat
pancreatic lipase
222
what is main symptom of pancreatic insufficiency
steatorrhoea
223
what de-acidifies the chyme from stomach
alkaline fluid secreted by pancreatic duct cells
224
what is pancreatic exocrine secretion regulated by
- secretin
| - CCK
225
what is primary stimulus for secretin release
acid in duodenum
226
what does secretin do when acid in duodenum
transported by the blood to the pancreas where it stimulated duct cells to increase secretion
227
what does CCK regulate
pancreatic digestive enzymes secretions
228
what causes release of CCK
presence of fat
229
what transports CCK
circulatory system
230
what does CCK do once it reaches the pancreas
stimulates acing cells to increase enzyme secretion
231
are all pancreatic enzymes released at same rate
yes it doesn't matter what you eat they are all together in the zymogen granules
232
other than pancreas what other secretory product is emptied into the liver
bile
233
what does biliary system included
liver and gallbladder
234
what is the largest organ in the body
liver
235
what do bile salts aid in
fat digestion and absorption
236
what secretes bile salts
liver
237
what organ secrete blood clotting factors
liver
238
what organ stores glycogen, fats, iron, copper
liver
239
what are liver cells called
hepatocytes
240
what are macrophages in the liver called
Kupffer cells
241
how do hepatocytes receive arterial blood
from hepatic artery
242
how does venous blood enter the liver
hepatic portal system
243
what are sinusoids
space for blood flow in the liver
244
what are the functional units of the liver
lobules
245
what shape are lobules
hexagonal
246
what is at each corner of the lobule
3 vessels
- branch of hepatic artery
- branch of hepatic portal vein
- bile duct
247
what lines the sinusoids
Kpffer cells
248
what do Kupffer cells do
engulf and destroy old red blood cells and bacteria that pass through the blood
249
what is bile into the duodenum stopped by
sphincter of oddi
250
where is bile stored
in gallbladder
251
where is bile synthesised
liver
252
what does bile contain
- bile salts
- cholesterol
- lecithin
- bilirubin
- alkaline fluid
253
what is bile important in
digestion and absorption of fats (mainly through bile salts)
254
what are bile salts
derivatives of cholesterol
255
are bile salts reabsorbed
yes in the ileum and transported back to the liver
256
how do bile salts help in absorption
formation of micelles
257
how do bile salts help in digestion
increase the surfaces area for attack by pancreatic lipase
258
what digests fat
lipase
259
are triglycerides soluble in water
no
260
how do bile salts increase area for attack
the movement in small intestine breaks up the triglycerides and bile salts join on to their surface before the triglycerides join together which repels them and increases the surface area for lipase to break them down
261
can lipase penetrate the bile salts layer
no
262
what is secreted so lipase can bind
colipase
263
where is bilirubin
main constitution of bile
264
does bilirubin help with digestion
no
265
how is bilirubin derived
from breakdown of red blood cells
266
what part of red blood cells is bilirubin derived form
heme (iron containing)
267
what type of cell is bilirubin
anti-oxidant
268
what colour is bilirubin
yellow
269
what are faeces like if patient has gallstone
greyish white
270
how is bilirubin excreted
in faeces
271
what happens if bilirubin accumulates in body
jaundice
272
what are the 3 ways jaundice can be brought about
- prehepatic
- hepatic
- post hepatic
273
what is prehepatic
before the liver
274
what causes pre-hepatic jaundice
excessive breakdown of red blood cells so more bilirubin is in the liver than it can excrete
275
what causes hepatic jaundice
when the liver is disease and cannot deal with the normal load of bilirubin
276
what cause post hepatic jaundice
when bile duct is obstructed e.g. by a gallstone so bilirubin cannot be eliminated in the faeces
277
how do bile salts affect bile secretion
increase it
278
where is bile stored
gallbladder
279
how does secretin affect bile secretion
increase it
280
how does vagus nerve affect bile secretion
increases it
281
if gallbladder is removed where is bile stored
common bile duct
282
what is hepatitis
inflammatory disease of the liver
283
what can hepatitis lead to
cirrhosis
284
what are fibroblasts
connective tissue cells
285
what is the function small intestine
site where most digestion and absorption occur
286
what are the parts of the small intestine
- duodenum
- jejunum
- ileum
287
what is motility in the small intestine
- segmentation
| - migrating motor complex
288
what is the small intestine's primary method of motility
segmentation
289
what is segmentation
oscillating, ring like contraction of circulate smooth muscle along the small intestine
290
what initiates segmentation
small intestine pacemaker cells
291
does segmentation occur in-between meals
no
292
affect of parasympathetic on segmentation
enhances it
293
affect of sympathetic on segmentation
depresses it
294
when segmentation ceases what occurs
migrating motor complex
295
where does migrating motor complex wave start
stomach and moves down
296
when does migrating motor complex stop
start of next meal
297
how is migrating motor complex regulated between meals
motilin
298
where does ileum empty into
caecum
299
when causes ileocaecal sphincter to relax
increased gastrin
300
what is small intestine juice called
succus entricus
301
are digestive enzymes secreted by small intestine
no
302
what forms the brush border in small intestine
microvilli
303
what enzymes are present at the brush border of small intestine
- enterokinase
- disaccharides
- aminopeptidase
304
what does enterokinase do
activate the pancreatic proteolytic enzyme trypsinogen
305
what do disaccharide enzymes do
hydrolyse the disaccharides into monosaccharides
306
what do amino peptidase do
hydrolyse the small peptide fragments into their amino acid component
307
where are carbohydrate and protein digestion completed
at brush border
308
what is there a lack of in lactose intolerance
lactase
309
symptoms of lactose intolerance
- cramping
- diarrhoea
- malnutrition (in infants)
310
where does most absorption occur in the small intestine
duodenum and jejunum
311
what does ileum specifically absorb
- vitamin B12
| - bile salts
312
the small intestine has a small surface area
| true or false
false
| has a large surface area
313
what enzymes breaks down carbohydrates
amylase
314
where enzyme breaks down protein
pepsin
315
what enzymes breakdown fat
lipase
316
what increase surface area in small intestine
villi
317
why can malabsorption occur
due to damage or reduction in small intestine surface area
318
what covers the surface of the villus in small intestine
epithelial cells
319
how are epithelial cells joined
tight junctions
320
what is the core of that villi in small intestine
connective tissue core
321
what forms the core
lamino propria
322
what supplies the villi of small intestine
arteriole that breaks up into capillary network
323
what is the lymphatic vessel of villus called
central lacteal
324
what are between the villi of small intestine
crypts of Lierberkuhn
325
do crypts of Lierberkuhn secrete digestive enzymes
no
326
what do crypts of Lieberkuhn secrete
water and electrolytes
| succus enterocus
327
are the small intestine cells always changing
yes
328
where are Paneth cells found
in the villi crypts
329
what do Paneth cells do
defensive function
330
what 2 chemicals do Paneth cells secrete
- lysozyme
| - defensins
331
how are both carbohydrates and proteins absorbed
by Na symport
332
how are glucose and galactose absorbed
by SGLT1
333
where is SGLT1
at luminal membrane
334
how does fructose enter the cell
via GLUT-5
335
how do glucose, galactose and fructose exit the cell
via GLUT-2
336
where is GLUT-2
basal border
337
how are proteins presented for absorption
as amino acids
338
how are amino acids absorbed
across the intestinal cells by symporters
339
where do amino acids enter the capillary network
within the villus
340
are micelles water soluble
yes
341
what os produced when lipase hydrolyses triglycerides
monoglycerides and fatty acids
342
how are monoglycerides and fatty acids transported to the luminal surface of small intestine epithelial cells
in water soluble micelles formed by bile salts
343
how do monoglycerides and fatty acids diffuse through the lipid layer
they leave the micelles and passively diffuse through the luminal membrane
344
what happens to monoglycerides and fatty acids once they cross the membrane of the bvilli
resynthesised into triglycerides
345
what coats the triglycerides
lipoprotein which makes them water soluble
346
what synthesises lipoprotein
endoplasmic reticulum of epithelial cell
347
what is the large coated fat droplet called
chylomicron
348
can chylomicron enter the capillaries
no due to their basement membrane
349
what must vitamin B12 be bound to for absorption
intrinsic factor
350
what type of iron can be absorbed
ferrous (Fe2+)
351
what is iron that is absorbed needed for
red blood cell production
352
how is absorbed iron transferred into the blood
ferroportin (membrane iron transporter)
353
once in the blood where does the absorbed iron go
to the bone marrow
354
what is absorbed iron bound to in the blood
transferrin
355
what form of iron is stored
ferritin
356
can ferritin be transferred into the blood
no
357
where does the unused iron go
into the faeces
358
what is iron essential for
haemoglobin production
359
what can increase iron absorption
vitamin C
360
what is iron absorption controlled by
hormone hepcidin
361
where and when is hepcidin released
from the liver when iron levels in the blood get too high
362
how does calcium enter the luminal membrane
down its electrochemical gradient
363
how does calcium exit a cell
Ca ATPase
364
what vitamin enhances calcium absorption
vitamin D
365
where is vitamin D enhanced
liver
366
where do the venules that leave the small intestine drain into
hepatic portal vein
367
what carries absorbed fat
systemic circulation
368
what is the only secretory product that escapes from the body
bilirubin
369
what makes up the large intestine
- colon
- caecum
- appendix
- rectum
370
what is at the bottom of the caecum
appendix
371
what does appendix house
lymphocytes
372
what makes up the colon
- ascending
- transverse
- descending
373
what is at the end of the descending colon
sigmoid colon
374
what comes after the sigmoid colon
rectum
375
what does the large intestine do
extracts more H2O and salts from the chyme contents
376
where does the remainder of the chyme go
eliminated as faeces
377
how is the outer longitudinal smooth muscle arranged in large intestine
in 3 strips known as taeniae coli
378
what are the pouches or sacs in large intestine
haustra
379
can haustra change location
yes due to contraction
380
what is large intestine main motility
haustration
381
is haustration a fast or slow process
slow
382
what moves the contents into the rectum
colonic mass movement
383
when does defecation occur
when the external anal sphincter relaxes
384
what type of muscle is the external anal sphincter
skeletal muscle
385
when does constipation occur
when faeces becomes too dry
386
what happens if hard faecal matter becomes lodged in the appendix
appendicitis
387
does the large intestine secrete digestive enzymes
no
388
why could bacteria grow in large intestine
as contents move so slowly it can become a 'breading; ground
389
what is the main waste product excreted in the faeces
bilirubin
390
what causes gas
- swallowed air
| - gas produced by bacterial fermentation
391
what is eructation
burping
392
where is gastrin produced
in the stomach
393
what does gastrin increase the secretion of
HCl and pepsinogen
394
what does gastrin enhance
gastric motility
395
what inhibits gastrin release
accumulation of acid in the stomach
396
what stimulates secretion of secretin
presence of acid in duodenum
397
what does secretin inhibit
gastric emptying
398
what does secretin stimulate
pancreatic duct cells to produce more aqueous secretions
and
secretion of bile from liver
399
what causes release of CCK
fat in duodenum
400
what does CCK inhibit
gastric motility and secretion
401
what does CCK stimulate
pancreatic acinar cells to increase pancreatic enzymes
402
what does CCK cause to contract
gallbladder
403
what does CCK cause to relax
sphincter of oddi (so bile is emptied into duodenum)
404
what does GIP help promote
metabolic processing of nutrients once they are absorbed
405
what does GIP stimulate
insulin release
406
what stimulates GIP
presence of a meal, especially glucose
