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Applied Sciences and health promotion > Gastrointestinal > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal Flashcards

(95 cards)

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1
Q

What is the GI Tract?

A

Its the pathway of hollow organs that food travels through from the mouth to the anus, where digestion and absorption of nutrients occur.

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2
Q

What is ingestion?

A

Process of taking food into the mouth

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3
Q

What is secretion?

A

Process by which substances are produced and discharged from a call, gland or organ for excretion.

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4
Q

What is Mastication?

A

Process of chewing food and mixing it with saliva

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5
Q

What is digestion?

A

Mechanical and chemical breakdown of food

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6
Q

What is Peristalsis?

A

Refers to the rhythmic wave-like contractions moving
food though the GI tract

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7
Q

What is absorption?

A

Passage of digested food from GI tract into
CVS and lymphatic systems
4

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8
Q

What is the oral cavity?

A

Mouth

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9
Q

What it the entrance of the GI system?

A

The oral cavity (mouth)

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10
Q

What is lined within the oral cavity?

A

Mucose membrane

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11
Q

What is the core of the skeletal muscle
covered in?

A

Skin

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12
Q

What do lips and cheeks help?

A

Keep food between the teeth when we chew

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13
Q

Where is the palate?

A

Forms the roof of the mouth

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14
Q

The palate has two distinct parts what are they?

A

Hard palate and Soft palate

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15
Q

What is the function of the hard palate?

A

Forms rigid surface against which food is forced during chewing.
It is anteriorly.

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16
Q

What is the function of the soft palate?

A

Rises reflexively to close the nasopharynx when we swallow
It is posteriorly.

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17
Q

What is the tongue coated in?

A

Stratified squamous
epithelium with numerous
papillae (little projections)

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18
Q

What does stratified squamous
epithelium contain?

A

Taste buds

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19
Q

What is the function of the tongue?

A

to assist chewing, swallowing, speech, taste

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20
Q

What 3 parts make up the salary glands?

A

Sublingual gland
Partoid Gland
Submandibular gland

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21
Q

What is the function of the salivary gland?

A

produces saliva to break down and moisten food.
Contains enzymes to help breakdown sugars

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22
Q

What happens when food enters the mouth?

A

Extrinsic glands are activated and produces copious amounts of saliva

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23
Q

What controls salivation?

A

Primarily by the parasympathetic ANS (autonomic nervous system)

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24
Q

When food is reduced to a soft mass what is this called?

A

Bolus - this is easily swallowed

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25
Where does digestion start?
In the mouth
26
What enzyme does saliva contain?
Salivary amylase
27
What does salivary amylase do?
Breaks down the complex of sugars - such as starches
28
What are the three stages of swallowing?
Voluntary stage Pharyngeal stage Oesophageal stage
29
What occurs in the Voluntary stage?
Mouth is closed, voluntary muscles of tongue and cheek push bolus into pharynx
30
What occurs in the Pharyngeal Stage?
- Bolus stimulates receptors in oropharynx, sends message to swallowing centre in medulla. - Causes air passages to be closed
31
What occurs in the Oesophageal Stage?
Presence of bolus in pharynx stimulates wave of peristalsis which propels food into stomach
32
Where is the swallowing centre?
In the Lower pons and medulla oblongata (brain stem)
33
Afferent messages are transmitted via what nerve?
X cranial nerve (vagus nerve)
34
Effective swallowing also requires what type of control?
Voluntary control - of the tongue, lips and cheeks
35
What is the Oesophagus?
Known as the food pipe It connects the mouth to the stomach.
36
What happens to the Oesophagus when its not being used to swallow food?
It collapses
37
What is the medical term for heartburn?
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
38
What causes Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease?
Abnormal oesophageal motility and increased gastric pressure
39
What is the treatment for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease?
antacids, dietary changes
40
What is the Peritoneum?
Largest serous membrane of the body. Its a closed sac containing serous fluid within the abdominal cavity. Richly supplied by blood and lymph vessels
41
What does the Peritoneum provide a barrier to?
Local spread infections
42
Where is the Peritoneum located?
Its a serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity/ wall
43
What are the 4 layers of the gut wall?
Serosa - outer covering Muscle layer (muscularis) Sub-mucosa Mucosa- lining
44
What is the function of the Serosa?
Wraps around the gut like cling film - it houses blood and nerve supply to gut between two layers of peritoneum
45
What is the function of the muscle layer?
Provides the gut with the ability to move food along its length. Squeeze and shorten allowing the stomach to churn the bolus
46
What three thick layers of muscles are there?
Oblique layer, Circular layer and Longtitudinal layer
47
What do the connective tissues contain?
Blood and lymphatic vessels Lymphoid follicles Nerve fibres
48
Why is there a supply of elastic fibres?
It enables the stomach to regain shape after storing a large meal
49
What is the functions of the mucosa?
Secretion Absorption Protection
50
What are the three sub layers of the mucosa?
Lining Epithelium Lamina Propria Muscularis mucosa
51
What is the effects of a lack of Vitamin B12?
Can cause abnormally large red blood cells that can't function causing anaemia
52
What are the symptoms of low vitamin B12?
Tiredness and muscle weakness
53
What is a mixing wave?
Is a unique type of peristalsis that mixes and softens the food with gastric juices to create chyme
54
When the food is macerated and mixed with gastric juices reduced to a thin liquid what is this called?
Chyme
55
When the stomach contents are propelled where do they go?
Towards the pylorus in waves
56
Where are the contents forced into?
Duodenum - gastric empyting
57
What are the 3 overlapping stages of secretion of gastric juice?
Cephalic phase Gastric phase Intestinal phase
58
When does the flow of the gastric juice commence?
Before food reaches the stomach
59
What initiates gastric juices?
Reflex stimulation of the vagus nerve by the sight, smell or taste of food
60
What can inhibit the release of gastric juice in the sympathetic phase?
Stress
61
What hormone is related once the contents reaches the duodenum?
ENTEROGASTRONE (Cholecystokinin (CCK) and Secretin)
62
What does CCK slow down?
Secretion of gastric juice and reduces gastric motility
63
What does Secretin inhibit?
Secretion of gastric juices
64
What substances are absorbed in the stomach?
Water Ions Certain drugs (aspirin) Alcohol
65
What does the small intestine extend from?
Pyloric sphincter of stomach to the large intestine at the ileocaceal valve
66
How long is the small intestine?
About 5 meters
67
Where is the small intestine situated?
IN the abdominal cavity surrounded by the large intestine
68
What 3 parts make up the small intestine?
Duodenum (25cm) Jejunum (2m) Ileum (3m)
69
What are the functions of the small intestine?
allows movement of contents form stomach by peristalsis. Secretion of the intestinal juice Secretion of hormones CCK an Secretin Completes chemical digestion of carb , protein and fat Protects against infection by microbes Absorbs 90% of nutrients
70
What are villus in the small intestine?
Tiny finger like projections into the intestinal lumen - about 0.5 - 1mm long
71
What do the wall so f Villus consist of?
Enterocytes - tiny microvilli on surface Goblet cells
72
What is inside of the Villus?
Capillary network Lymphatic capillaries: lacteals
73
What is the microvilli?
Also called the brush layer Increases the surface area Makes several digestive enzymes and store them in their plasma membrane
74
What consists in the intestinal juices?
Water Mucus Mineral Salts
75
Pancrease is a dual purpose of:
Endocrine and Exocrine
76
What does Endocrine produce?
Hormones that regulate carbohydrate metabolism and enter directly into the blood stream
77
What does exocrine produce?
Digestive enzymes
78
What chemicals are in the pancreatic juice?
Bicarbonates Amylase Lipase Proteases
79
What is segmentation?
Major movement of small intestine Localised contraction in areas containing food Mixes chyme with digestion juices Bring particles of food into contact with mucosa
80
What is Peristalsis?
Propels Chyme onward through intestinal tract Cyme remains in the small intestine 3-5 hours
81
Function of proteases?
Digest proteins into polypeptides and then amino acids
82
Function of Lipases?
digest fats into fatty acids and glycerol
83
Function of Amylases?
Digest larger carbohydrates (polysaccharides) to glucose eventually
84
Where is digested food absorbed via?
The Villi
85
Mechanical blockage of the bowel causes:
Adhesions, hernias and cancer
86
What are the symptoms of a blockage of the bowel?
Abdominal pain, vomiting, constipation
87
What are some complications of a blockage the bowel?
Dehydration, strangulation and perforation
88
What is neoplasm?
A new growth -tumour - an abnormal , disorganised growth in a tissue or organ
89
Terminal portion of the GI tract is divided into 4 regions what are they?
Caecum Colon Rectum Anal canal
90
What are the functions of the large intestine?
Completion of absorption Production of certain vitamins Formation of faeces Expulsion of faeces
91
What can cause diarrhoea?
Lactose intolerance, stress and certain microbes that irritate GI mucosa
92
What can cause constipation?
Decreased motility of the intestines, poor habits, spasm of colon, insufficient fibre, inadequate fluid intake, lack of exercise, emotional stress and certain drugs
93
What is appendicitis?
Inflammation of appendix
94
What can cause appendicitis?
Obstruction and infection
95
What is Crohns disease?
Chronic inflammatory bowe disease that can effect any part of the GI tract

Applied Sciences and health promotion (8 decks)

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