Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Applied Sciences and health promotion > The Respiratory System > Flashcards

The Respiratory System Flashcards

(89 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are the lungs coated in?

A

Serous membrane called pleura

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the two layers coated on the lungs?

A

Parietal pleura and Visceral pleura

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the function of the Parietal pleura

A

Lines the inner surface of the thoracic cavity ( chest wall), it also secretes fluid in the pleural space, is sensitive to pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the function of the Visceral pleura

A

Covers the surface or the lungs, blood vessels,bronchi and nerves, is not sensitive to pain, also secretes fluid to enable lung expansion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the function of pleural fluid?

A

This is the fluid between the parietal and visceral pleura, it maintains the negative pressure between the lungs and the thoracic cavity (chest wall) to allow efficient lung inflation . It also protects the lungs as a cushion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the function of the pleural cavity

A

The negative pressure to atmosphere pulls the lung onto the thoracic wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a pneumothorax?

A

Collapsed lung , this is a medical condition where air accumulated in the pleural space and air can leak into the pleural space from a tear in the lung or a wound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What happens when someone has a pneumothorax?

A

Air is pulled into the pleural space causing the thoracic pressure to become positive, air will be drawn into the cavity during every expiration - this restricts lung expansion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Name some symptoms of pneumothorax?

A
  • Respiratory distress
    -Tachyponea
  • Rapid drop in sats
  • Rapid drop in BP
  • Tachycardia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the airway structure?

A

The passages that allow air to flow into and out of the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What occurs in the airway structure?

A

No respiration occurs in there.
Most of these areas are effectively known as dead space (-150mls)
They are important routes fo pass exchange in and our the respiratory system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What consists of the Upper Airway:

A
  • it extends from the nasopharynx to the larynx
    Natural breathing occurs through the nose
    Allows us to smell danger
    Mouth breathing occurs during excercise
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the nasal cavity?

A

The space inside the nose, part of the upper respiratory tract where air enters the body - warmed, moistened and filtered before reaching lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the two openings of the upper airway?

A

Nares and mouth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What acts as a filter in the nasal cavity?

A

Hairs and turbinates filter and humidify inspired air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How long is the nasal cavity?

A

Approximately 10-14cm long from nares to nasopharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which side of the bronchus is steeper

A

Right bronchus steeper than the left side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the mucociliary transport?

A

This is the respiratory system’s primary mechanism for removing inhaled particles and pathogens by using the beating cilia to move mucus towards the upper airway expulsion - it acts as a defence system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the flow of the gel referred to?

A

Mucociliary transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the benefit of humidity in the mucociliary transport system?

A

Allows consistency of secretions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is Alveoli?

A

Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is bronchioles?

A

A tiny branch of air ties in the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does alveoli allow?

A

Gas exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What capillary wraps around the alveoli to enable gas exchange?

A

Pulmonary capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are capillaries?
The smallest blood vessels in the body - they connect arteries (which carry blood away form the heart) to veins (which carry blood to the heart
26
What is the function of arteries?
They are blood vessels that carry oxygen rich blood AWAY from the heart
27
What is the function of Capillaries?
Exchange oxygen/nutrients with tissues
28
What are the function of Veins?
Carry blood back to the heart
29
What is ventilation?
The movement of air in and out the lungs - involves pressure changes between thoracic cavity and the atmosphere
30
How pressure changes effectively?
Contraction and relaxation of respiration muscles
31
What muscles make up the respiratory muscles?
- Intercostal muscles -Diaphragm - Accessory muscles during heavy breathing
32
What is Boyles Law?
Pressure of gas in a closed container is inversely proportional to the volume of the container
33
What occurs in inspiration?
- Intercostal muscles contract, pulling the thorax up - Diaphragm contracts, moving down towards the abdominal cavity - This increases the size of the thoracic cavity causing a negative pressure atmosphere (760 mmHg)
34
What is the pressure in alveoli during inspiration?
758mmHg
35
What occurs during expiration?
Intercostals and diaphragm relax - reducing the size of the thorax Pressure increases in thorax (762 mmHg) Air is expelled
36
What volumes are elevated in breathing quality?
Tidal Volume (Tv Minute volume (MV) Rate (RR) (not a volume)
37
How can Minute volume (Mv) be calculated
MV = Exp Tv X RR
38
Why is this calculation important?
Minute Volume (Mv) dictates CO2 elimination Lower Mv will result in increased CO2 Higher Mv will decrease CO2
39
Reduction in Tidal volume (Tv) and Rate (RR) can result in what?
Elevation in the other to compensate
40
How can you assess ventilation?
- Looking - Listening - spirometry - Peak flow - chest auscultation
41
What is chest auscultation?
Medical examination technique where a nurse would use a stethoscope to listen for sounds
42
What does normal breathing sound like
Quiet whoosh , "breeze through trees"
43
What might fluid in alveoli and airway sound like
Crackle
44
What does a narrowed airway sound like?
Wheeze
45
What does an inflamed pleura sound like?
Rubbing sound
46
Where will you listen on the front of a patient for these sounds?
Apices (top) Superior lobes Middle lobe - patient right side Lingula - Patients left side Inferior lobes
47
Where will you listen on the back of a patient for these sounds?
Apices (top) Superior lobes Inferior lobes Lung bases
48
Gas exchange is divided into two:
External respiration Internal respiration
49
What is external respiration?
Process where oxygen from inhaled air defused into the blood stream =, while carbon dioxide from the blood defuses into the lung to be exhaled
50
What occurs inExternal respiration?
- pulmonary has exchange - O2 is taken up by the blood and CO2 is released - This occurs via diffusion due to pressure differences
51
What is the surface area of the respiratory membrane?
70m2
52
What must occur across the respiratory membrane?
Oxygen must diffuse across this membrane into the pulmonary lungs
53
What is Emphysema?
Progressive lung disease - is a form of COPD
54
What is septa?
Thin connective tissue walls that separate and subdue the lung tissue into smaller structures
55
What are the small holes that let air move between alveoli called?
Pores of Kohn - they allow collateral ventilation (air to move between them)
56
What is nail clubbing?
Chronic Hypoxia
57
What is Dahl's sign
Also known as thinkers sign - its a clinical finding such as seeing nicotine stains, smokers face
58
What is surfactant?
a compound that reduces the surface tension of a liquid, allowing it to spread out and wet surfaces more effectively
59
What is dynes/cm
A unit of measurement uses to quantify surface tension and interfacial tension
60
What 4 proteins make up Surfactant?
SP- A SP- B SP- C SP -D
61
What is the role of SP- A and SP - D ?
- inhibiting bacterial growth - activating macrophages - increasing macrophage membrane receptors - antioxidant properties to counter free radicals
62
What happens to the pressure of alveolar gas?
Pushes against the alveolar walls
62
What is partial pressure (P)
Is the measurement of the pressure a gas exerts within a container or fluid - this is dictated by the kinetic energy its molecules display
63
What is daltons law in simple terms?
The total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the gases in the mixture
64
64
What is atelectasis?
Partial collapse or incomplete inflation of the lung
65
What is Fick's Law?
The rate of diffusion of gas across a membrane is relative to the partial pressure difference and surface area of the membrane.
65
what does the O2 attach to when oxygen carries in the blood?
the diffused O2 then attaches to haemolobin (Hb) molecule within the RBC's 4 O2 molecules attatch to 1 Hb molecule
66
Carbohydrates metabolise as a result of what
The production of ATP ( primary energy carrying molecule)
67
What is Cellular respiration?
Releasing energy
68
What are the two phases in cellular respiration
Glycolysis and oxidation of pyretic acid
69
What is Glycolysis
The breakdown of glucose to pyretic acid
70
What occurs during the oxidation of pyruvic acid
carbon dioxide and water produce energy
71
What is aerobic cellular respiration?
oxygen driven reaction produces high yield of ATP (32-34 molecules)
72
What is anaerobic metabolism
Oxygen absent, lower yield of ATP (2 molecules)
73
What is the anaerobic pathway?
Glucose - pyretic acid - lactic acid + 2ATP ( 67 kj of energy)
74
What is the effect of hypoxia on ATP production
- nerve conduction - muscle contraction - cell transportation -cognitive function /LOC
75
What three ways is CO2 carried within the blood?
- Dissolved in plasma (7%) - Attached to Hb to form carbohaemoglobin (23%) - As bicarbonate ions (HCO3) reacts with water in RBS to form carbonic acid
76
What is RBC?
Red blood Cell
77
What 3 parts can the respiratory control system be broken down into?
- Sensors - Control center - Effectors
78
What consists within the Control Center?
- Brain - Brain stem, medulla and pons, reticular activating system and cortex
79
What consists within the sensors?
- Variety of mechanics and chemo receptors that feedback to the central command
80
What are the Effectors?
Response of muscles
81
What is the Chemoreceptor?
Specialised sensory receptor that detects changes in the chemical composition of the body like oxygen, carbon dioxide and pH levels
82
What are the two broad types of the chemoreceptors?
- Central chemoreceptor - Peripheral chemoreceptor
83
Where is the Central chemoreceptor located?
In the medulla
84
Where is the Peripheral chemoreceptor located?
In the aortic arch and carotid bodies
85
What is the function of the Central chemoreceptors?
It monitors the acidity of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and respond to changed in CO2 and pH levels. Plays a crucial role in regulating breathing by singling the respiratory centre to adjust breathing depth and rate.
86
What is the function of the Peripheral chemoreceptors?
Monitors the arterial blood oxygen levels, carbon dioxide levels ad ph. It also triggers rapid cardiorespiratory adjustments to maintain homeostasis.

Applied Sciences and health promotion (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions