Gastrointestinal Disorders and Drugs

Question 1

constipation

Answer 1

small infrequent or difficult bowel movement that occur less than 3x a week

Question 2

causes of constipation

Answer 2

• diet (low in fiber)
• lack of exercise
• slowed peristalsis
• pathological conditions like obstruction or diverticulitis

Question 3

impaction

Answer 3

unrelieved constipation that may lead to an obstruction of a firm immovable mass of stool in the lower GI tract
- may cause continuous oozing or diarrhea
- loss of appetite, N/V, abdominal distention, cramping, pain

Question 4

diarrhea

Answer 4

inc frequency and fluidity of bowel movements

Question 5

types of diarrhea

Answer 5

acute: caused by emotional stress, some meds, liquid stool getting around impaction
chronic: lasting more than 4 wks from chronic GI infection, alteration in motility or integrity, malabsorption, endocrine disorders
episodic: food allergy or irritant

Question 6

pathophysiological mechanisms of diarrhea

Answer 6

• osmotic diarrhea (inc amount of osmotically active solutes)
• secretory diarrhea (bacteria or toxin that inc secretion and inhibits reabsorption of water in the gut)
• exudative diarrhea (active sites of inflammation resulting in exudation of mucus, blood, proteins that will pull water into colon)
• related to motility disturbances

Question 7

problems associated with diarrhea

Answer 7

• dehydration
• skin integrity
• electrolyte imbalance/nutritional concerns

Question 8

whats used to treat diarrhea? what groups are there?

Answer 8

antidiarrheals
- adsorbants
- anti motility (anticholinergic, opiates)
- probiotics

Question 9

adsorbant drug

Answer 9

bismuth subsalicylate

Question 10

bismuth subsalicylate moa

Answer 10

coats the wall of the GI tract
binds the causative agents for elimination

Question 11

bismuth subsalicylate se

Answer 11

inc bleeding time
constipation
dark stool, darkening of tongue

Question 12

anti motility drugs

Answer 12

loperamide and diphenoxylate [atropine}

Question 13

loperamide moa

Answer 13

slow peristalsis

Question 14

loperamide se

Answer 14

not really any bc no opiate

Question 15

diphenoxylate moa

Answer 15

slow peristalsis
drying effect

Question 16

diphenoxlate adverse effects

Answer 16

• urinary retention
• headache, dizzy, anxiety, drowsy
• bradycardia, hypotension
• dry skin
• flushing

Question 17

laxatives

Answer 17

used to treat constipation which will be individualized based on age, severity, contributing factors

Question 18

different groups of laxatives

Answer 18

• bulk forming
• emollient
• hyper osmotic
• saline
• stimulant

Question 19

psyllium class

Answer 19

bulk forming

Question 20

psyllium moa

Answer 20

similar to dietary fibers
absorbs water into the intestines inc bulk
distends bowel to initiate reflex bowel activity and movement

Question 21

psyllium se

Answer 21

impaction above structures
fluid/electrolyte imbalance
gas formation
esophageal

Question 22

psyllium nc

Answer 22

okay for long term use

Question 23

docusate sodium class

Answer 23

emollient laxative

Question 24

docusate sodium moa

Answer 24

lubricates fecal material and walls
promotes fat absorption into fecal mass
prevent water from moving out of intestine

Question 25

docusate sodium indications

Answer 25

prevents opioid induced constipation

Question 26

docusate sodium route

Answer 26

PO

Question 27

docusate sodium se

Answer 27

skin rashes
dec absorption of vitamins

Question 28

mineral oil class

Answer 28

emollient

Question 29

mineral oil moa

Answer 29

lubricates intestines

Question 30

mineral oil indications

Answer 30

fecal impaction

Question 31

mineral oil route

Answer 31

PO, PR

Question 32

mineral oil se

Answer 32

• skin rashes
• dec absorption of vitamins

Question 33

glycerin
lactulose
polyethylene glycol class

Answer 33

hyperosmotic

Question 34

glycerin
lactulose
polyethylene glycol MOA

Answer 34

increase water content in feces
promote distention, peristalsis, evacuation

Question 35

glycerin
lactulose
polyethylene glycol indications

Answer 35

evacuate bowels before diagnostics and surgical procedures

Question 36

glycerin
lactulose
polyethylene glycol se

Answer 36

abdominal bloating
rectal irritation
electrolyte imbalance

Question 37

magnesium salts and sodium salts class

Answer 37

saline laxatives

Question 38

magnesium salts and sodium salts moa

Answer 38

increase osmotic pressure and draw water into colon

Question 39

magnesium salts and sodium salts se

Answer 39

mag toxicity
electrolyte imbalance
cramping
diarrhea

Question 40

magnesium salts and sodium salts nc

Answer 40

contraindicated for ppl with renal problems bc already having difficulty excreting K

Question 41

bisacodyl and senna class

Answer 41

stimulant laxatives

Question 42

bisacodyl and senna moa

Answer 42

inc peristalsis

Question 43

bisacodyl and senna indications

Answer 43

constipation
whole bowel evacuation

Question 44

bisacodyl and senna se

Answer 44

• nutrient malabsorption
• gastric irritation
• electrolyte imbalance

Question 45

bisacodyl and senna nc

Answer 45

• OTC
• can become dependent on
• works on entire GI tract
• bi: PO
• senna: PO, PR