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NUE 325: Pathopharm I > Infection > Flashcards

Infection Flashcards

1
Q

Infection

A

Colonization of a host by a microbial species
- can be localized
- systemic: spread to several regions/areas of body

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2
Q

causes of infection

A

common: virus, bacteria
rare: fungi, protozoa, helminths, prions

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3
Q

modes of transmission

A

direct: kissing, sex, touching soils, droplet
indirect: airborne
vehicle: transmission through food, water, blood
vector: something else carries disease (mosquito)

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4
Q

reservior

A

habitat where microorg usually lives and grows

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5
Q

portal of entry

A
  • oro/naso pharynx
  • genitourinary tract
  • skin (places w decrease integrity) and mucous membranes, largest vulnerability but also biggest barrier
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6
Q

translocation

A

movement of bacteria across intestinal lining
- frequently occurs in peritoneal cavity (leaky gut)
- bloodstream (infection can move from finger to leg)

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7
Q

blood as portal of entry

A

organism gets directly into blood
- needle sticks
- blood transfusion contamination

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8
Q

maternal-fetal transmission

A

some microorgs can cross barriers
- placental barrier directly to fetus
- occur during childbirth (vaginal canal)

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9
Q

stages of infection

A

incubation period
prodromal stage
acute stage
convalescent stage
resolution stage

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10
Q

incubation period

A

time org is in body before symptoms appear

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11
Q

prodromal stage

A

onset of unspecific symptoms

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12
Q

acute stage

A

onset of specific symptoms

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13
Q

convalescent stage

A

decrease in illness and begin to feel better

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14
Q

resolution stage

A

pathogen is eliminated from the body

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15
Q

infectious process

A

the body fighting something in the body
- injury
- increased permeability
- immigration of leukocytes
- phagocytosis
- exudate
- systemic symptoms

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16
Q

injury: infectious process

A

the initial insult to the area
- short period of vasoconstriction to stop bleeding and movement of invading organisms
- prolonged period of vasodilation which allows blood to bring immune cells to area and contributes to symptoms of inflammation

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17
Q

increased permeability: infectious process

A

fluid is pulled out of vascular space (blood vessel) and into the space of injury
- allows white blood cells to enter injury

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18
Q

immigration of leukocyte: infectious process

A

neutrophils from the fluid are attracted to site of injury and attach to endothelium of injured cells to move around injured tissue

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19
Q

phagocytosis: infectious process

A

phagocytosis occurs at site of injury by neutrophils and monocytes which recognize, engulf and destroy invaders

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20
Q

exudate: infectious process

A
  • transports leukocytes to injured areas
  • dilutes toxins
  • transports nutrients for healing process
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21
Q

systemic symptoms: infectious process

A

occurs if the infection doesn’t remain localized resulting in a total body response stimulating the hypothalamic fever set point

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22
Q

what does a fever point set increase

A
  • helps concern body heat
  • stimulates defense mechanisms to help rid body of organisms
  • some bacteria/virus less virulent in heat
  • improves neutrophil and macrophage function
  • improves antibody release and T-cell activation
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23
Q

colonization

A

pathogens inhabit a specific body site but not an active infection
- do not cause S/S

24
Q

infection

A

invasion of micro orgs that cause tissue damage
- clinical s/s of illness and inflammation

25
Q

indications of infection

A

vital signs increased, verify with labs (cultures, urinalysis)

26
Q

gram stain

A

shows gram +/- (presence of thick cell wall or not), shape an arrangement

27
Q

what does culture and sensitivity tell you?

A

tells exact bacteria and what antibiotics would work to treat it
- 24 hours for basic result
- 72 hours for full identification

28
Q

what can you culture?

A
  • sputum (coughing)
  • urine (catheter)
  • blood (septic) : high likelihood of skin contamination, need at least one peripheral stick, aerobic/anaerobic
29
Q

Urinalysis Normal results

A
  • Dip Stick: 5-9
  • Nitrates: negative
  • Leukocyte esterase: negative
  • Blood, WBC, RBC: <5
  • Bacteria: negative
  • Epithelial cells: <5
30
Q

nosocomial

A

Infections that occur while in healthcare facility
- more virulent (spread quickly, more disruptive)

31
Q

Drug resistance infections

A
  • MRSA: methicillin resistant Staph aureus
  • CRE: carbapenem resistant enterobacteriaceae
  • MDRO: multi drug resistance
32
Q

Superinfection

A

New infections that occur during treatment for a different infection
- typically caused by resistant orgs
- antimicrobial used to treat primary infection inhibit or kill NORMAL helpful flora usually in the GI tract or skin or mucosal surfaces

33
Q

C diff

A

Clostridium difficile
- normal intestine flora killed by antibiotics which allows c diff without control factor
- extreme diarrhea, ab cramping and tenderness
- can occur days to months after first antibiotic treatment
- identified with PCR

34
Q

C diff precautions

A

Contact D: gown, gloves, wash hands

35
Q

C diff treatment

A

PO/IV metronidazole
PO vancomycin
- never give anti diarrheal medications

36
Q

Complications of c diff

A

Pseudomembranous colitis
- life threatening
- dilation of the colon
- may require surgery

37
Q

Candidiasis

A

Yeast infection caused by over growth of fungus
- occurs in mucous membranes (oral/vaginal)
- occurs on moist skin surfaces

38
Q

Candidiasis treatment and prevention

A
  • mycostatin: swish and spit anti-fungal medication
  • nystatin: anti fungal powder
39
Q

Cellular adaptation

A

Changes that your bodies cell go through to permit survival and maintenance of cellular function
- cells can change size and form
- both normal and abnormal

40
Q

Atrophy

A

Decreased or shrinking cell size
- cells have decreased protein synthesis and or increase protein catabolism

41
Q

Types of atrophy

A

Physiologic: related to developmental issues
- organ doesn’t develop properly
Pathologic: related to decreased workload or changes environmental conditions
- nutritional deficiencies, blood supple decrease, hormonal problems, prolonged immobility, aging

42
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increased cell size and can increase function of cell
- typically a response to mechanical stimuli like repetitive stretching, chronic pressure, prolonged volume overload
- heart and kidney most prone to negative adaptations
- muscle/skeletal cells do naturally

43
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increased number of cells resulting from increase rate of cell division responding to prolonged/severe injury
- only cells that divide (epidermal, intestinal epithelial, glandular cells)
- normal w pregnancy changes, wound healing
- abnormal w cancers, abnormal hormone stimulation

44
Q

Dysplasia

A

Abnormal changes in size/shape/organization of mature cells (related to atypical hyperplasia)
- associated w neoplastic growth (cancerous cells)
- doesn’t equal cancer
- reversible
- inflammation and chronic irritation

45
Q

Metaplasia

A

Reversible replacement of one type of mature cells to another
- less differentiated
- pathologic response to chronic irritation and inflammation
* allows cells to survive better in a hostile environment and is reversible*

46
Q

Neoplasia

A

Cellular growth not responding to normal regulator processes
- usually bc mutation

47
Q

Anaplasia

A

Cells differentiate to immature form or embryonic form
- associated w neoplasms and malignant tumors

48
Q

Cancer

A

Controlled cellular growth w rapid uncontrolled proliferation and loss of ability of cells to differentiate

49
Q

Neoplasms-benign

A
  • differentiated cells (less anapastic)
  • reproduced more rapidly than normal cells
  • unable to metastasize
  • grow slowly
  • frequently encapsulated
  • do not usually cause problems unless cause compression like in brain
50
Q

neoplasms-malignant

A
  • undifferentiated cells (super immature)
  • reproduce rapidly w atypical cells
  • often metastasize
  • sites near primary site or distant
  • no capsule
51
Q

Necrosis

A

Cellular injury that results in cell death
- irreversible
- leads to swelling
- bursting of cell
- inflammation
- can lead to gangrene or liquefaction necrosis

52
Q

Ischemic necrosis

A
  • infarction
  • prolonged ischemia
53
Q

Gangrene

A

Dead tissue is breeding ground for bacteria
- large massive tissue related to decrease blood supply and bacterial invasion
- bc decrease blood supply, no WBC that can fight off bacteria

54
Q

Liquefactive necrosis

A

Occurs in tissues w lots of lipids or where there are numerous inflammatory cells
- release proteolytic enzymes which destroy tissue

55
Q

Types of gangrene

A

Dry: minimal bacteria and inflammatory response
- blackened, dry, wrinkled
Wet: extensive damage from bacteria and WBC that produce liquid wound
- foul smelling, rapid spread, can be systemic
Gas: destroy connective tissue/cell membranes
- caused by clostridium perfringens
- gas bubbles that form spores, often found in soils

NUE 325: Pathopharm I (23 decks)

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