Immunity And Vaccines

Question 1

Inflammation

Answer 1

Protective mechanism that occurs with cell injury and begins the healing process

Question 2

what are the 3 main processes of inflammation

Answer 2

-destroy invading and harmful agents
-limit the spread of harmful agents
-prepare damaged tissue for repair

Question 3

-itis

Answer 3

Conditions with inflammation

Question 4

5 cardinal signs of inflammation

Answer 4

-redness
-swelling
-heat
-pain
- loss of function

Question 5

causes of inflammation

Answer 5

• exogenous (surgery, trauma, burns)
• endogenous (tissue ischemia, something internal)

Question 6

Types of inflammation

Answer 6

-acute: less than 2 weeks
-chronic: extends over long periods and often results in scar tissue

Question 7

Events of inflammation

Answer 7

• tissue injury or bacterial antigens
  — stimulates release of chemicals
• vasodilation and increase vascular permeability
  — allows easier movement of in/out
• leukocyte recruitment and emigration
  — wbc recruitment and attachment
• phagocytosis of antigens and debris
  — performed by wbc, eat/breakdown bad

Question 8

Exudate

Answer 8

Fluid that leaks out of bv, neutrophils, and debris
- vary in composition
- four types: serous, serosanguineous, purulent, hemorrhagic

Question 9

Serous exudates

Answer 9

Watery, low protein, mild inflammation, clear fluid
- “good’ kinds

Question 10

Serosanguineous

Answer 10

Pink tinged fluid, small amount of RBC, pretty normal

Question 11

Purulent

Answer 11

Severe inflammation with bacterial inflammation, neutrophils, protein, and debris, more concerning
-thicker secretions, weird color/smell, stickier

Question 12

Hemorrhagic

Answer 12

Lots of RBCs, most severe inflammation, severe leakage from bv, bleeding from somewhere

Question 13

Systemic manifestations of inflammation

Answer 13

Cytokines released which lead to
- fever
- increased neutrophils
- lethargy
- muscle catabolism (breakdown)

Question 14

distinguishing between systemic manifestations of inflammatory vs infection

Answer 14

You will be able to find a source of infection and inflammation you will not
- both show the systemic inflammatory processes

Question 15

MHC

Answer 15

Major histocompatibility complex: cluster of genes on chromosome 6 that produce proteins for the cell surface —> proteins used to discriminate between self and non-self
- aka human leukocyte antigen complex
- allows body to identify self as “safe”
- 2 major classes: MHC Class I and II

Question 16

Specific adaptive immunity

Answer 16

Effective/adaptive defense mechanism
- recognizes and destroy foreign invaders
- retains memory of foreign invaders (adaptability)
- B cell and T cells

Question 17

Humoral immunity

Answer 17

B cells: antibody immunity
- memory cells that remember exposure to antigen
- plasma cells: secrete antibodies

Question 18

Antibodies

Answer 18

Aka immunoglobulins, 5 classes
- recognize antigens

Question 19

Immunity

Answer 19

State of resistance against infection from a particular pathogen
- provided mostly by adequate antibodies

Question 20

IgG

Answer 20

most common, protects against bacterial and viral infections (infections and vaccinations)

Question 21

IgM

Answer 21

10%, activates compliment for cytotoxic functions ( early, recent infections, produced at exposure)

Question 22

IgA

Answer 22

secretory functions (saliva, tears, milk)

Question 23

IgD

Answer 23

trace amounts in serum, more on B cell, stimulates B cells to multiply and differentiate

Question 24

IgE

Answer 24

role in immunity against parasites and allergic rxn

Question 25

Passive immunity

Answer 25

Transfer of plasma containing antibodies from an immunized person to non-immunized person
- mother to fetus
- infection of antibodies

Question 26

Active immunity

Answer 26

Protected state due to body’s own immune response
- active infection (getting infection and body responds—> B cells)
- vaccines

Question 27

Types of vaccines

Answer 27

• traditional: inactive or killed organisms
• attenuated: weakened organisms, do not exposed to ppl with weak immune systems
• toxoids: inactivated toxins that simulate production of antitoxin (tetanus)
• conjugate: protein or toxins from one organism attached to a disease causing to stimulate response