Visual and Sensory

Question 1

cataracts

Answer 1

clouding of the lens
- gradual
- painless
- can lead to blindness

Question 2

risk factors of cataracts

Answer 2

• older age
• eye trauma
• congenital risk
• diabetes
• corticosteroid use
• smoking and alc consumption

Question 3

cataract manifestations

Answer 3

• painless
• uni or bi lateral changes
• blurry
• halo around lights
• altered colored perception
• glare at night
• dec accommodation

Question 4

how do cataracts affect vision

Answer 4

• cloudiness scatters the light and prevents the ability to have a crisp focus

Question 5

retinopathy

Answer 5

damage to the bv of the retina

Question 6

types of retinopathy

Answer 6

• diabetic
• HTNsive

Question 7

types of diabetic retinopathy

Answer 7

• nonproliferative
• proliferative

Question 8

non proliferative retinopathy

Answer 8

capillary micro aneurysms retinal swelling and hard exudate causes macular edema which leads to capillary rupture and eventually dot or blot hemorrhaging

Question 9

macular edema

Answer 9

plasma leaking from macular bv

Question 10

proliferative retinopathy

Answer 10

advanced retinopathy caused by new bv that are fragile and leaky

Question 11

HTNsive retinopathy

Answer 11

high bp creates blockage in retinal bv
- initially no vision change
- sustained HTN can cause sudden visual loss related to swelling of optic disc and nerve

Question 12

treatment of HTNsive retinopathy

Answer 12

treat the HTN

Question 13

detached retina

Answer 13

retina has tear or leak that allows vitreous humor to flow behind the retina causing
- rapid and progressive detachment from the colloid
- usually spontaneous

Question 14

risk factors/causes of detached retina

Answer 14

• myopia
• over 40
• trauma to head
• eye tumor
• complication or hx of cataract surgery

Question 15

clinical manifestations of detached retina

Answer 15

• sudden, unilateral vision loss
• painless
• may see floaters
• flashed of light

Question 16

macular degeneration

Answer 16

retinal aging causing blurring of central vision
- most common irreversible vision loss in people over 60

Question 17

types of macular degeneration

Answer 17

• dry (no exudate), common
• wet (exudate), less common

Question 18

dry macular degeneration

Answer 18

yellow deposits in retinal pigment epithelium

Question 19

wet macular degeneration

Answer 19

growth of new leaky bv in an abnormal location of retina

Question 20

manifestations of macular degeneration

Answer 20

• early: no symptoms
• later: blurred, darkened vision, blind spots, distorted vision

Question 21

scotomas

Answer 21

blind spots

Question 22

metamorphopsia

Answer 22

distorted vision

Question 23

treatment of macular degeneration

Answer 23

limited, some have meds injected into the eye

Question 24

glaucoma

Answer 24

chronic condition that causes elevated intraocular pressure plus vision changes or optic nerve damage
- usually bilateral

Question 25

types of glaucoma

Answer 25

closed angle open angle

Question 26

open angle glaucoma

Answer 26

abnormal trabecular meshwork that reduces the draining of aqueous humor into canal of schlemm causing an imbalance be inflow and outflow - results in inc intraocular pressure and vision problems

Question 27

risk factors for open angle glaucoma

Answer 27

- elevated IOC - older age - african american - fam hx - myopia - DM, HTN, migraines

Question 28

myopia

Answer 28

near sightedness

Question 29

open angle glaucoma manifestations

Answer 29

- usually none - progressive loss of sight - vague eye pain - halos around lights - tunnel vision

Question 30

closed angle glaucoma

Answer 30

abnormal angle btw iris and later cornea that blocks outflow when the pupil is dilated - less common - aka acute angle closure, narrow angel glaucoma

Question 31

risk factors of closed angle glaucoma

Answer 31

- asian american - females - hyperopia - fam hx - old age

Question 32

hyperopia

Answer 32

far sighted ness

Question 33

closed angle glaucoma is an ________

Answer 33

emergency, outcome based on time from onset to treatment

Question 34

what triggers an acute episode of acute angle glaucoma

Answer 34

anticholinergic drugs

Question 35

clinical manifestations of acute closed angle glaucoma

Answer 35

- unilateral - severe eye pain - N/V - blurry vision - halos - reddened eyes - dilated pupils not reactive to light - cloudy cornea

Question 36

glaucoma and blindness

Answer 36

- due to inc IOP - more pressure on inner eye structures which can dec the blood flow to the optic nerve - nerve fiber death will cause blindness

Question 37

want glaucoma drugs to

Answer 37

- dec aqueous humor production - inc aqueous humor drainage *more for open angle*

Question 38

treatment for closed angel glaucoma (acute angle crisis)

Answer 38

- surgical intervention

Question 39

treatment of glaucomas

Answer 39

eye drops

Question 40

application of glaucoma eye drops

Answer 40

hold pressure of the nasolacrimal gland to prevent systemic effects - makes it stay in the eye system

Question 41

meniere disease

Answer 41

episodic disorder of the middle ear where excessive endolymph and pressure in the membranes disrupt vestibular balance and hearing function - changes in fluid level causes distention

Question 42

clinical manifestations of meniere disease

Answer 42

- recurring episodes of vertigo (w N/V) - hearing loss - ringing of the ears - feelings of fullness

Question 43

tinnitus

Answer 43

ringing of the ears

Question 44

treatment of meniere disease

Answer 44

- diet changes - stress - allergies - usually Na restriction - drugs that help with dizziness *treat symptoms*