Gen Path Exam 1 - Vascular Path and Categories of Diseases Flashcards
1
Q
What disease category?
Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura
A
Immune-mediated
2
Q
What disease category?
Hemophilia A
A
Developmental
3
Q
What disease category?
Hemophilia B
A
Developmental
4
Q
What disease category?
Von Willebrand Disease
A
Developmental
5
Q
What disease category?
Vitamin K Deficiency
A
Metabolic
6
Q
What disease category?
Thrombosis
A
Injury
7
Q
What disease category?
Hypercoagulable State
A
Developmental
Immune-mediated
Metabolic
8
Q
Primary (genetics) or secondary (acquired) etiology for hypercoagulable state?
Mutations in factor V
A
Primary (genetics)
9
Q
Primary (genetics) or secondary (acquired) etiology for hypercoagulable state?
Antithrombin III deficiency
A
Primary (genetics)
10
Q
Primary (genetics) or secondary (acquired) etiology for hypercoagulable state?
Protein C or S deficiency
A
Primary (genetics)
11
Q
Primary (genetics) or secondary (acquired) etiology for hypercoagulable state?
Fibrinolysis defects
A
Primary (genetics)
12
Q
Primary (genetics) or secondary (acquired) etiology for hypercoagulable state?
Homocysteinemia
A
Both
13
Q
Primary (genetics) or secondary (acquired) etiology for hypercoagulable state?
Allelic variations in prothrombin levels
A
Primary (genetics)
14
Q
Primary (genetics) or secondary (acquired) etiology for hypercoagulable state?
Mutations in methyl tetra hydro folate gene
A
Primary (genetics)
15
Q
Primary (genetics) or secondary (acquired) etiology for hypercoagulable state?
Prolonged bed rest or immobilization
A
Secondary (acquired)
16
Q
Primary (genetics) or secondary (acquired) etiology for hypercoagulable state?
Tissue damage (surgery, fracture, burns)
A
Secondary (acquired)
17
Q
Primary (genetics) or secondary (acquired) etiology for hypercoagulable state?
Cancer
A
Secondary (acquired)
18
Q
Primary (genetics) or secondary (acquired) etiology for hypercoagulable state?
MI, prosthetic cardiac valves
A
Secondary (acquired)
19
Q
Primary (genetics) or secondary (acquired) etiology for hypercoagulable state?
Dessemianted intravascular coagulation
A
Secondary (acquired)
20
Q
Primary (genetics) or secondary (acquired) etiology for hypercoagulable state?
Heparin induced thrombocytopenia
A
Secondary (acquired)
21
Q
Primary (genetics) or secondary (acquired) etiology for hypercoagulable state?
Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome
A
Secondary (acquired)
22
Q
What disease category?
Embolism
A
Injury
23
Q
What disease category?
Hypertension
A
Injury
24
Q
What disease category?
Arterioscleorsis
A
Injury
25
What disease category?
Atherosclerosis
Injury
26
What disease category?
Thrombosis
Injury
27
What disease category?
Hyperlipidemia
Metabolic
28
What disease category?
Aortic dissection
Injury
29
What disease category?
Aneurysm (abdominal aortic and thoracic aortic)
Injury
Developmental
30
What disease category?
Hemangioma
Neoplastic
31
What disease category?
Angiosarcoma
Neoplastic
32
What disease category?
Kaposi Sarcoma
Neoplastic
33
What disease category?
Giant Cell Arteritis
Immune-mediated
34
What disease category?
Granulomatosis w/ Polyangitis
Immune-mediated
35
What disease category?
Coronary artery disease
Ischemic heart disease
36
What disease category?
Angina pectoris
Ischemic heart disease
37
What disease category?
MI
Ischemic heart disease
38
What disease category?
Chronic ischemic heart disease
Ischemic heart disease
39
What disease category?
Congestive heart disease
Developmental
40
What disease category?
Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis
Developmental
41
What disease category?
Arrhythmias
Developmental
42
What disease category?
Atrial septal defect
Congenital
43
What disease category?
Patent foramen ovale
Congenital
44
What disease category?
Ventricular septal defect
Congenital
45
What disease category?
Patent ductus arteriosus
Congenital
46
What disease category?
Coarctation of aorta
Congenital
47
What disease category?
Transposition of great arteries
Congenital
48
What disease category?
Tetralogy of fallot
Congenital
49
What disease category?
Mitral valve prolapse
Valvular heart disease
50
What disease category?
Mitral stenosis
Valvular heart disease
51
What disease category?
Mitral regurgitation
Valvular heart disease
52
What disease category?
Aortic regurgitation
Valvular heart disease
53
What disease category?
Infective endocarditis
Infectious
54
What disease category?
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Myocardial disease
55
What disease category?
Aortic (valve) stenosis
Valvular heart disease
56
What disease category?
Rheumatic fever
Immune-mediated
57
What disease category?
Dilated cardiomyopathy
Myocardial disease
58
What disease category?
Restrictive cardiomyopathy
Myocardial disease
59
What disease category?
Hydropericardium
Pericardial disease
60
What disease category?
Hemopericardium
Pericardial disease
61
What disease category?
Acute pericarditis
Pericardial disease
62
What disease category?
Myxoma
Neoplastic
63
What disease category?
Rhabdomyoma
Neoplastic
64
What disease category?
Metastatic tumors
Neoplastic
65
What disease?
ABs against platelet membrane glycoproteins IIb/IIIa or Ib/IX complexes
Immune thrombocytopenic purpura
66
What disease?
Affects women between 20-40
Immune thrombocytopenic purpura
67
What disease?
Clinical presentation includes petechiae, easy bruising, epitaxis (nose bleed), gingival bleeding, hemorrhage after minor trauma
Immune thrombocytopenic purpura
68
What disease?
Tx includes immunosuppressive drugs and splenectomy (spleen is site of anti-platelet AB production)
Immune thrombocytopenic purpura
69
What disease?
Deficiency of factor VIII; X-linked recessive
Hemophilia A
70
What diseases?
Clinical presentation includes easy bruising, massive hemorrhage after trauma, spontaneous bleeding into joints
Hemophilia A and B
71
What disease?
Diagnosed by prolonged partial thromboplastin time
Hemophilia A and B
Von Willebrand Disease
72
What disease?
Most common inherited bleeding disorder
Von Willebrand Disease
73
What disease?
Clinical presentation can be mild, mucosal bleeding, easy bruising
Von Willebrand Disease
74
What disease?
Tx is desmopressin
Von Willebrand Disease
(desmopressin increases vWF and factor VIII)
75
What disease?
Caused by inadequate dietary intake, malabsorption, and inhibition of certain meds (ex: warfarin)
Vitamin K deficiency
76
What disease?
Demographics include newborns, long-term AB use, malabsorption syndromes
Vitamin K deficiency
77
What disease?
Diagnosed by prolonged partial thromboplastin time and low levels of vitamin K dependent clotting factors
Vitamin K deficiency
78
What disease?
Tx is vitamin K supplements and fresh frozen plasma
Vitamin K deficiency
79
What are the vitamin K dependent clotting factors?
Prothrombin
Factor VII, IX, X
80
What disease?
Caused by complete or partial obstruction of vessel by blood clot and Virchow's triad
Thrombosis
81
What is Virchow's triad?
Endothelial injury
Stasis or turbulent blood flow
Hypercoagulability
82
What disease?
Affects anyone; more common with increased age, atherosclerosis, and immobility
Thrombosis
83
What disease?
Tx is anticoagulant
Thrombosis
83
What disease?
Arterial: ischemia and infarction of tissue, MI, stroke, peripheral artery disease
Venous: pain, swelling, redness of affected limb, risk of pulmonary embolism
Thrombosis
84
What disease?
Tx is anticoagulant, thrombolytic therapy, surgical intervention, risk factor modification (stop smoking, manage hypertension)
Thrombosis
85
What disease?
Clinical presentation is recurrent thrombosis
Hypercoagulable state
86
What disease?
Diagnosed by genetic testing, antiphospholipid AB testing, and increased levels of procoagulant factors
Hypercoagulable state
87
What disease?
Tx is long term anticoagulation therapy and managing underlying condition
Hypercoagulable state
88
What disease?
Caused by blood clot dislodging and obstructing a vessel; can also occur with fat, air, amniotic fluid
Embolism
89
What disease?
Risk factors are DVT, surgery, trauma
Embolism
90
What disease?
Clinical presentation of pulmonary is shortness of breath, chest pain, cough
Clinical presentation of stroke is sudden weakness or numbness on one side, difficulty speaking
Embolism
91
What disease?
Diagnosed by CT pulmonary angiography, MRI, CT, echocardiography
Embolism
92
What disease?
Tx is anticoagulation therapy, thrombolytic therapy, surgical intervention
Embolism
93
What disease?
Primary: decreased renal Na+ excretion, increased vascular resistance, smoking, stress, obesity, inactivity, high dietary Na+
Secondary: primary renal disease, renal artery narrowing, adrenal disorders
Hypertension
94
What disease?
Affects over 25% of population
Hypertension
95
Normal BP
<120/80
96
Elevated BP
120-129/<80
97
Stage 1 hypertension BP
130-139/80-89
98
Stage 2 hypertension BP
140/90 or greater
99
What disease?
Tx is meds, weight loss, Na+ restriction, increase activity, limit alcohol, dietary changes
Hypertension
100
What disease?
Caused by hardening of arteries, arterial wall thickening, loss of elasticity, atherosclerosis (most common)
Arteriosclerosis
101
What disease?
Caused by atheromatus plaques on vessel walls impinging on lumen and can calcify
Atherosclerosis
102
What disease?
Risk factors are genetics, family history, aging, males, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, smoking, diabetes, inflammation
Atherosclerosis
103
What disease?
Diagnosed by coronary Ca2+ stain
Atherosclerosis
104
What disease?
Tx is to tackle modifiable risk factors such as decreasing cholesterol, increasing omega 3 fatty acids, exercise, statins, treat hypertension/diabetes, quit smoking
Atherosclerosis
105
What is the most common cause of death in the US?
Sequelae of atherosclerosis
106
Name 3 possible sequelae of atherosclerosis?
Stenosis
Plaque rupture or erosion
Weaken medial wall
107
Describe the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis
Chronic damage to endothelium
Lipids leak in
Inflammatory response makes damaged endothelium sticky
Leukocytes and monocytes adhere
Macrophages ingest lipids + create foam cells
SM proliferation
Collagen + ECM deposition
108
What are the 3 parts of the natural history of atherosclerosis?
Fatty streaks
Atherosclerotic plaque
Advanced/vulnerable plaque
109
What disease?
Caused by increased lipids in blood, primary (genetic), secondary (diabetes, obesity, lifestyle)
Hyperlipidemia
110
What disease?
Common in adults but more prevalent with aging, poor diet, and lack of activity
Hyperlipidemia
111
What disease?
Clinical presentation is asymptomatic, heart attack, stroke, xanthelasma (patch on eyelid)
Hyperlipidemia
112
What disease?
Diagnosed by lipid panel (cholesterol, LDL, HDL, triglycerides)
Hyperlipidemia
113
What disease?
Tx is meds, modify lifestyle (decrease fats and cholesterol, increase fiber and omega 3)
Hyperlipidemia
114
What disease?
Caused by a tear in intima layer of aorta, allowing blood to flow btwn layers of vessel wall
Aortic dissection
115
What disease?
More common in men btwn 40-60, young pts with CT abnormalities (Marfan syndrome), smokers, and pts with hypertension
Aortic dissection
116
What disease?
Clinical presentation is severe sudden chest pain that may radiate to back
Aortic dissection
117
What disease?
Tx is rapid BP control and surgical repair
Aortic dissection
118
What disease?
Caused by dilation of blood vessels or heart, occurs when structural integrity of arterial media is compromised
Aneurysm
119
What disease?
Affects those with inadequate CT synthesis (genetic), excessive CT degradation (increased MMPs), loss of SM cells or change in phenotype (atherosclerosis, hypertension)
Aneurysm
120
This type of aneurysm affects all 3 layers of artery
True aneurysm
121
This type of aneurysm is a wall defect that leads to hematoma
False aneurysm
122
What disease?
Caused by localized dilation of abdominal aorta, most often due to atherosclerosis, less common causes are genetics, infection, trauma
Abdominal aortic aneurysm
123
What disease?
Affects men > 50; risk factors are smoking, hypertension, atherosclerosis
Abdominal aortic aneurysm
124
What disease?
Asymptomatic until rupture; sudden, severe pain indicates rupture
Abdominal aortic aneurysm
125
What diseases?
Tx is monitoring or surgical repair when large or symptomatic
Abdominal aortic aneurysm
Thoracic aortic aneurysm
125
What disease?
Caused by dilation of thoracic aorta and most often due to hypertension, Marfan syndrome, bicuspid aortic valves
Thoracic aortic aneurysm
125
What disease?
Consequences:
Obstruction of branch of aorta
Embolism
Impingement on adjacent structure
Abdominal mass
Rupture
Abdominal aortic aneurysm
126
What disease?
Common in older men; risk factors are smoking, hypertension, CT disorder
Thoracic aortic aneurysm
127
What disease?
Can be asymptomatic or cause chest pain, shortness of breath, impinge on nearby structures (hoarseness, can't swallow, cough), or rupture
Thoracic aortic aneurysm
128
What disease?
Diagnosed by CT angiography
Thoracic aortic aneurysm
129
What disease?
Caused by benign tumor composed of blood vessels; often congenital
Hemangioma
130
What disease?
Common in infancy and more often affects females
Hemangioma
131
What disease?
Clinical presentation is red/purple, flat to nodular, and usually regresses by age 10
Hemangioma
132
What disease?
Diagnosed by clinical exam, imaging, or biopsy
Hemangioma
133
What disease?
Tx is observation, laser therapy, surgical excision, meds
Hemangioma
134
What disease?
Malignant tumor arising from endothelial cells
Angiosarcoma
135
What disease?
Affects older adults; risk factors are prior radiation, chronic lymphedema, and exposure to specific chemicals
Angiosarcoma
136
What disease?
Clinical presentation is rapidly growing mass, may ulcerate and bleed, and has predilection for skin, liver breast (but can occur anywhere)
Angiosarcoma
137
What disease?
Tx is surgical excision, chemo, radiation
Angiosarcoma
138
What disease?
Caused by vascular malignancy and infection with HHV8
Kaposi sarcoma
139
What disease?
Most commonly seen in HIV/AIDS, affects mostly men, classic form seen in Med, Eastern Europe, Central Equatorial Africa, endemic form seen in Africa, iatrogenic form seen in recipients of solid organ transplants
Kaposi sarcoma
140
What disease?
Clinical presentation is multiple blue/purple macules, plaques, and nodules on face/oral mucosa and has predilection for hard palate, gingiva, tongue, and skin
Kaposi sarcoma
141
What disease?
Tx involves managing HIV/AIDS and chemo
Kaposi sarcoma
142
What disease?
Caused by chronic inflammatory disorder, T-cell mediated immune response, affects temporal artery
Giant cell arteritis
143
What disease?
Affects adults > 50
Giant cell arteritis
144
What disease?
Clinical presentation is new facial pain, headache, fever, fatigue, visual disturbance, rarely tongue necrosis, irreversible vision loss if untreated
Giant cell arteritis
145
What disease?
Diagnosed by elevated C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate; temporal artery biopsy
Giant cell arteritis
146
What does the temporal artery biopsy show in giant cell arteritis?
Granulomatous inflammation with multi-nucleated giant cells
147
What disease?
Tx is immediate high dose corticosteroids
Giant cell arteritis
148
What disease?
Caused by hypersensitivity response (inhaled infectious or environmental antigen)
Granulomatosis with polyangitis
149
What disease?
Affects any age, but often middle aged adults
Granulomatosis with polyangitis
150
What disease?
Clinical presentation:
URT = sinusitis, nasal ulcers, epistaxis
LRT = cough, chest pain
Renal = hematuria, proteinuria, glomerulonephritis
General = fever, weight loss, arthralgia
Oral = strawberry gingivitis, vascular erythematous gingival lesion
Granulomatosis with polyangitis
151
What disease?
Diagnosed by biopsy showing necrotizing granulomas and vasculitis; elevated anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic ABs
Granulomatosis with polyangitis
152
What disease?
Tx is steroids and other immunosuppressive drugs
Granulomatosis with polyangitis
153
What disease?
Low platelet count, less than 150,000 platelets/ul
(normal is 150,000 - 450,000)
Thrombocytopenia
154
What disease?
Causes include decreased production (bone marrow dysfunction, drug related, HIV), increased destruction (auto-immune or non-immunologic), hypersplenism, or multiple transfusions
Thrombocytopenia
155
What disease?
Post-traumatic bleeding risk when less than 50,000 platelets/ul
Thrombocytopenia
