Vascular Path Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 2 types of hypertension?
A
Primary/essential
Secondary
2
Q
Which disease?
Causes 90-95% of cases
A
Primary hypertension
3
Q
Which disease has the following causes?
Reduced renal Na+ excretion
Increased vascular resistance
Environmental factors (stress, obesity, smoking, inactivity, high sodium)
A
Primary hypertension
4
Q
Which disease has the following causes?
Primary renal disease
Renal artery narrowing
Adrenal disorders
A
Secondary hypertension
5
Q
What disease?
Affects over 25% of the population
A
Hypertension
6
Q
What diseases?
Often asymptomatic
A
Hypertension
Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis
Hyperlipidemia
Thoracic aortic aneurysm
7
Q
Normal BP
A
<120/80
8
Q
Elevated BP
A
120-129/<80
9
Q
Stage 1 BP
A
130-139/80-89
10
Q
Stage 2 BP
A
140+/90+
11
Q
What disease?
Diagnosis based on more than 2 BP readings on more than 2 occasions
A
Hypertension
12
Q
What disease has the following methods of tx?
Weight loss
Na+ restriction
Increased physical activity
Limited alcohol
Dietary changes
Antihypertensive meds
A
Hypertension
13
Q
May proceed w/ all dental tx
A
139/89 or less
14
Q
Elective dental tx should be selective and minimally invasive; emergency dental procedures are approved
A
140-159/90-99
15
Q
Elective dental tx should be stopped; emergency dental procedures approved w/ monitoring
A
160-179/100-109
16
Q
All elective dental tx is contraindicated; emergency tx only in hospital setting
A
180/110 or higher
17
Q
What disease has the following consequences?
Arteriosclerosis
Accelerated atherosclerosis
Weakened vessel walls
Left ventricular overload
A
Hypertension
18
Q
Which consequence of Hypertension?
Can lead to nephrosclerosis, and ischemic kidney disease
A
Arteriosclerosis
19
Q
Which consequence of Hypertension?
Leads to dissecting aneurysms and cerebral hemorrhage
A
Weakened vessel walls
20
Q
Which consequence of Hypertension?
Leads to cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure
A
Left ventricular overload
21
Q
What disease?
Caused by arterial wall thickening and loss of elasticity
A
Arteriosclerosis
22
Q
What disease?
Hardening of arteries
A
Arteriosclerosis
23
Q
What diseases?
Ubiquitous in developed nations
A
Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis
24
Q
What disease?
Diagnosed by imaging
A
Arteriosclerosis
25
What disease?
Tx is dependent on cause
Arteriosclerosis
26
What is the most common cause of Arteriosclerosis?
Atherosclerosis
27
What disease?
Caused by atheromatous plaques on vessel walls that impinge on lumen
Atherosclerosis
28
What disease?
Necrotic lipid core (cholesterol) that can calcify
Atherosclerosis
29
What disease has the following risk factors?
Genetic abnormalities
Family hx
Age
Males
Hyperlipidemia
Hypertension
Smoking
Diabetes
Inflammation
Atherosclerosis
30
What disease?
Diagnosed by coronary Ca2+ scan
Atherosclerosis
31
What disease?
Tx is to tackle modifiable risk factors
Atherosclerosis
32
What disease has the following tx methods to tackle modifiable risk factors?
Reduce cholesterol
Increase omega-3 fatty acids
Exercise
Statins
Treat hypertension, diabetes
Stop smoking
Atherosclerosis
33
What disease?
Caused by complete or partial obstruction of a vessel by a blood clot
Thrombosis
34
What disease?
Caused by Virchow's triad
Thrombosis
35
What disease?
More common in older adults
Risk factors = atherosclerosis + immobility
Thrombosis
36
What is virchow's triad?
Endothelial injury
Stasis or turbulent blood flow
Hypercoagulability
37
What disease has the following clinical presentation?
Ischemia and infarction of tissue downstream
MI, stroke, peripheral artery disease
Arterial thrombosis
38
What disease has the following clinical presentation?
Pain, swelling, redness of affected limb (DVT)
Risk of pulmonary embolism
Venous thrombosis
39
What disease is diagnosed using the following?
Ultrasound
CT
MRI angiograph
Thrombosis
40
Which disease has the following tx methods?
Anticoagulation therapy
Thrombolytic therapy
Surgical intervention
Risk factor modification (stop smoking, manage hypertension and hyperlipidemia)
Thrombosis
41
What disease?
Caused by elevated levels of lipids
Hyperlipidemia
42
Which form of Hyperlipidemia?
Genetic
Primary
43
Which form of Hyperlipidemia?
Caused by diabetes, obesity, lifestyle
Secondary
44
What disease?
More prevalent with increasing age, poor diet, lack of physical activity
Hyperlipidemia
45
What disease?
Clinical presentation is heart attack or stroke
Hyperlipidemia
46
What disease?
Xanthelasma can be clinical sign
Hyperlipidemia
47
What disease?
Diagnosed by a lipid panel
Hyperlipidemia
48
What is in a lipid panel?
Total cholesterol
LDL (bad)
HDL (good)
Triglycerides
49
What disease has the following tx methods?
Statins
Lifestyle changes (reduce fats and cholesterols; increase fiber and omega-3s)
Hyperlipidemia
50
What do statins lower?
Lipids
51
What disease?
Caused by tear in intimal layer of aorta, blood flows btwn layers of vessel wall
Aortic dissection
52
What disease?
More common in men 40-60 yrs old
Aortic dissection
53
What disease?
Risk factors are:
Hypertension
Smoking
Marfan syndrome
Aortic dissection
54
What disease?
Sudden onset severe chest pain that may radiate to back
Aortic dissection
55
What disease?
Diagnosed by CT angiography
Aortic dissection
56
What disease?
Tx is rapid BP control and surgery
Aortic dissection
57
What disease?
Caused by dilation of blood vessels or heart; occurs when structural integrity of arterial media is compromised
Aneurysm
58
What disease?
Affects those with inadequate CT synthesis, excessive CT degradation, or loss or change in SM cells
Aneurysm
59
Aneurysm that affects all 3 layers of artery
True aneurysm
60
Aneurysm where a wall defect leads to hematoma
False aneurysm
61
What disease?
Caused by localized dilation of abdominal aorta
Abdominal aortic aneurysm
62
What disease?
Most often due to atherosclerosis
Abdominal aortic aneurysm
63
What disease?
Less common causes = genetic, infection, trauma
Abdominal aortic aneurysm
64
What disease?
Affects older men over 50
Abdominal aortic aneurysm
65
What disease has the following risk factors?
Smoking
Atherosclerosis
Hypertension
Abdominal aortic aneurysm
66
What disease?
Asymptomatic until rupture
Sudden, severe pain indicates rupture (emergency!)
Abdominal aortic aneurysm
67
What disease?
Diagnosed by abdominal ultrasound or CT
Abdominal aortic aneurysm
68
What diseases have the following methods of tx?
Monitor
Surgical repair when large or symptomatic
Abdominal aortic aneurysm
Thoracic aortic aneurysm
69
Which disease has the following consequences?
Obstructed branch of aorta
Embolism
Impinges adjacent structures
Abdominal mass
Rupture
Abdominal aortic aneurysm
70
What does obstructed branch of aorta lead to in Abdominal aortic aneurysm?
Ischemia of tissue
71
What adjacent structures can become in impinged in Abdominal aortic aneurysm?
Vertebrae
Ureter
72
What does rupture lead to in Abdominal aortic aneurysm?
Massive hemorrhage (often fatal)
73
What disease?
Caused by dilation of thoracic aorta
Thoracic aortic aneurysm
74
What disease?
Most often due to hypertension, bicuspid aortic valves, Marfan syndrome
Thoracic aortic aneurysm
75
What disease?
Risk factors are hypertension, smoking, and genetic CT disorder
Thoracic aortic aneurysm
76
What disease?
SOB, chest pain, back pain
Thoracic aortic aneurysm
77
What disease?
May impinge on nearby structures, causing:
Hoarseness
Difficulty swallowing
Persistent cough
Thoracic aortic aneurysm
78
What disease?
Rupture causes sudden, severe pain and hypotension
Thoracic aortic aneurysm
79
What disease?
Benign tumor composed of blood vessels
Hemangioma
80
What disease?
Usually congenital and present at birth
Hemangioma
81
What disease?
Common in infancy; more frequent in girls
Hemangioma
82
What disease?
Flat or nodular
Red to purple
Most regress by age 10
Hemangioma
83
What disease?
Tx is observation, laser therapy, surgical excision, meds
Hemangioma
84
What disease?
Malignant tumor from endothelial cells
Angiosarcoma
85
What disease?
Risk factors:
Prior radiation therapy
Chronic lymphedema
Exposure to specific chemicals
Angiosarcoma
86
What disease?
Rapidly growing mass
May ulcerate and bleed
Predilection for skin, liver, breast but can occur anywhere
Angiosarcoma
87
What disease?
Tx is surgical excision, radiation, chemo
Angiosarcoma
88
What disease?
Caused by vascular malignancy and infection with HHV8
Kaposi sarcoma
89
What disease?
Most commonly seen in HIV/AIDS, affects mostly men, classic form seen in Med, Eastern Europe, Central Equatorial Africa, endemic form seen in Africa, iatrogenic form seen in recipients of solid organ transplants
Kaposi sarcoma
90
What disease?
Multiple blue/purple macules, plaques Nodules on face/oral mucosa Predilection for hard palate, gingiva, tongue, and skin
Kaposi sarcoma
91
What disease?
Tx involves managing HIV/AIDS and chemo
Kaposi sarcoma
92
What disease?
Caused by chronic inflammatory disorder, T-cell mediated immune response, affects temporal artery
Giant cell arteritis
93
What disease?
New facial pain
Headache
Fever
Fatigue
Visual disturbance
Rarely tongue necrosis
Irreversible vision loss if untreated
Giant cell arteritis
94
What disease?
Diagnosed by elevated C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate; temporal artery biopsy
Giant cell arteritis
95
What does the temporal artery biopsy show in giant cell arteritis?
Granulomatous inflammation with multi-nucleated giant cells
96
What disease?
Tx is immediate high dose corticosteroids
Giant cell arteritis
97
What disease?
Caused by hypersensitivity response (inhaled infectious or environmental antigen)
Granulomatosis with polyangitis
98
What disease?
Affects any age, but often middle aged adults
Granulomatosis with polyangitis
99
What disease?
Clinical presentation:
URT = sinusitis, nasal ulcers, epistaxis
LRT = cough, chest pain
Renal = hematuria, proteinuria, glomerulonephritis
General = fever, weight loss, arthralgia
Oral = strawberry gingivitis, vascular erythematous gingival lesion
Granulomatosis with polyangitis
100
What disease?
Diagnosed by biopsy showing necrotizing granulomas and vasculitis; elevated anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic ABs
Granulomatosis with polyangitis
101
What disease?
Tx is steroids and other immunosuppressive drugs
Granulomatosis with polyangitis
