Gen Path Exam 2 - Endocrine Pathology Flashcards
(183 cards)
1
Q
Which organ?
Hyperpituitarism
A
Pituitary gland
2
Q
Which organ?
Pituitary adenoma
A
Pituitary gland
3
Q
Which organ?
Hyperthyroidism
A
Thyroid gland
4
Q
Which organ?
Graves disease
A
Thyroid gland
5
Q
Which organ?
Multinodular goiter
A
Thyroid gland
6
Q
Which organ?
Hypothyroidism
A
Thyroid gland
7
Q
Which organ?
Hashimoto thyroiditis
A
Thyroid gland
8
Q
Which organ?
Thyroid adenoma
A
Thyroid gland
9
Q
Which organ?
Papillary thyroid carcinoma
A
Thyroid gland
10
Q
Which organ?
Thyroglossal duct cyst
A
Thyroid gland
11
Q
Which organ?
Primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism
A
Parathyroid gland
12
Q
Which organ?
Hypercortisolism (Cushing syndrome)
A
Adrenal gland
13
Q
Which organ?
Adrenal insufficiency (Addison disease)
A
Adrenal gland
14
Q
Which organ?
Pheochromocytoma
A
Adrenal gland
15
Q
Which organ?
Type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus
A
Pancreas
16
Q
Which category of disease?
Graves disease
A
Immune mediated
17
Q
Which category of disease?
Hashimoto thyroiditis
A
Immune mediated
18
Q
Which category of disease?
Type 1 diabetes mellitus
A
Immune mediated
19
Q
Which category of disease?
Pituitary adenoma
A
Neoplasia
20
Q
Which category of disease?
Thyroid adenoma
A
Neoplasia
21
Q
Which category of disease?
Papillary thyroid carcinoma
A
Neoplasia
22
Q
Which category of disease?
Pheochromocytoma
A
Neoplasia
23
Q
Which category of disease?
Thyroglossal duct cyst
A
Developmental
24
Q
Which category of disease?
Hyperpituitarism
A
Metabolic
25
Which category of disease?
Hyperthyroidism
Metabolic
26
Which category of disease?
Multinodular goiter
Metabolic
27
Which category of disease?
Hypothyroidism
Metabolic
28
Which category of disease?
Primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism
Metabolic
29
Which category of disease?
Hypercortisolism (cushing syndrome)
Metabolic
30
Which category of disease?
Adrenal insufficiency (addison disease)
Metabolic
31
Which category of disease?
Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Metabolic
32
What are the 2 clinical problems of the endocrine system?
Too much hormone
Too little hormone
33
What are the 2 pathologic problems of the endocrine system?
Problem in brain/pituitary
Problem in end organ
34
"Master gland"
Pituitary
35
The pituitary gland secretes hormones that regulate what?
Endocrine glands
36
What is the anterior pituitary controlled by?
Hypothalamus
37
Where do most problems occur?
Anterior pituitary
38
What are the hormones of the anterior pituitary?
GH
Prolactin
TSH
FSH
LH
ACTH
39
What are the hormones of the posterior pituitary?
ADH
Oxytocin
40
Too much anterior pituitary hormone
Hyperpituitarism
41
What is the most common cause of hyperpituitarism?
Pituitary adenoma
42
What is the clinical presentation of hyperpituitarism?
Endocrine abnormalities
43
Benign tumor of pituitary gland
Pituitary adenoma
44
What disease?
Affects any age, but incidence increases with age
Pituitary adenoma
45
What disease?
Clinical presentation includes headache, vision problems (compression of optic nerve), functional, non-functional, silent
Pituitary adenoma
46
Too much hormone producing
Functional clinical presentation
47
No hormone produced
Non-functional clinical presentation
48
Normal amount of hormone produced
Silent clinical presentation
49
What disease?
Diagnosed by hormone level testing and imaging
Pituitary adenoma
50
What disease?
Tx includes surgery, radiation, meds
Pituitary adenoma
51
What type of growth hormone adenoma?
Pre-puberty
Gigantism
52
What type of growth hormone adenoma?
Generalized increase in body size
Gigantism
53
What type of growth hormone adenoma?
Disproportionately long limbs
Gigantism
54
What type of growth hormone adenoma?
Post-puberty
Acromegaly
55
What type of growth hormone adenoma?
Growth of soft tissue, skin, viscera
Acromegaly
56
What type of growth hormone adenoma?
Enlarged bones of face, hands, feet
Acromegaly
57
What type of adenoma is a growth hormone adenoma?
Pituitary adenoma
58
Primary or secondary problem?
Thyroid growth
Primary
59
Primary or secondary problem?
Hormone synthesis
Primary
60
Primary or secondary problem?
TSH
Secondary
61
What are thyroid lab tests measuring?
T3, T4, TSH
62
Euthryroid (normal) lab results
Normal T3, T4, TSH
63
Primary hyperthyroidism lab results
Increased T3, T4
Decreased TSH
64
Secondary hyperthyroidism lab results
Increased T3, T4
Increased TSH
65
Primary hypothyroidism lab results
Decreased T3, T4
Increased TSH
66
Secondary hypothyroidism lab results
Decreased T3, T4
Decreased TSH
67
What are the most common causes of hyperthyroidism?
Graves disease
Multinodular goiter
68
What disease?
Clinical presentation includes weight loss, tachycardia, heat intolerance, tremor, anxiety, thyroid storm
Hyperthyroidism
69
Abrupt onset of severe hyperthyroidism; medical emergency
Thyroid storm
70
What disease?
Diagnosed by elevated T3 and T4
Hyperthyroidism
71
What disease?
Caused by autoantibodies against TSH receptor
Graves disease
72
What diseases?
Autoimmune
Graves disease
Hashimoto thyroiditis
73
What disease?
Caused by increased thyroid hormones and proliferation of thyroid follicles
Graves disease
74
What disease?
Most common cause of hyperthyroidism
Graves disease
75
What disease?
More common in women between 20-40
Graves disease
76
What disease?
Clinical presentation includes symptoms of hyperthyroidism, exophthalmos, enlarged thyroid, dermopathy, thyroid storm
Graves disease
77
What does exophthalmos look like?
Eye bulging
78
Scaly thickening and induration of skin on shins
Dermopathy
79
What disease?
Diagnosed by increased T3 and T4, decreased TSH
Graves disease
80
What disease?
Tx is anti-thyroid meds, radioactive iodine, surgery
Graves disease
81
What disease?
Caused by enlarged thyroid, decreased TH, increased TSH, can result in increased TH with time
Multinodular goiter
82
What is the most common cause of decreased thyroid hormone, as seen in multinodular goiter?
Dietary iodine deficiency
83
What is the most common manifestation of thyroid disease?
Multinodular goiter
84
What causes increased serum TSH, as seen in multinodular goiter?
Hypertrophy + hyperplasia of thyroid follicles
85
What disease?
Most common in women
Multinodular goiter
86
What disease?
Clinical presentation is enlarged thyroid and causes symptoms of hyperthyroidism over time
Multinodular goiter
87
What diseases?
Diagnosed by ultrasound, biopsy, thyroid function test
Multinodular goiter
Thyroid adenoma
88
What disease?
Tx is radioactive iodine, surgery
Multinodular goiter
89
Deficiency of thyroid hormone (TH) production
Hypothyroidism
90
What are the most common causes of hypothyroidism?
Hashimoto thyroiditis
Iodine deficiency
91
What disease?
Clinical presentation includes fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, dry skin, constipation
Hypothyroidism
92
What disease?
Diagnosed by low circulating T3 and T4
Hypothyroidism
93
What disease?
Caused by autoantibodies against thyroid antigens
Hashimoto thyroiditis
94
What disease?
Caused by progressive destruction of thyroid epithelial cells
Hashimoto thyroiditis
95
What disease?
Caused by inflammatory response
Hashimoto thyroiditis
96
What disease?
Genetic component; affects middle-aged women
Hashimoto thyroiditis
97
What disease?
Clinical presentation is painless enlargement of thyroid, that is usually diffuse and symmetric
Hashimoto thyroiditis
98
What disease?
Clinical presentation includes symptoms of hypothyroidism
Hashimoto thyroiditis
99
What disease?
Diagnosed by biopsy, thyroid function test, detection of autoantibodies
Hashimoto thyroiditis
100
What are the autoantibodies that are detected when diagnosing Hashimoto thyroiditis?
Anti-thyroglobulin antibody
Anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody
101
What disease?
Tx is thyroid replacement therapy
Hashimoto thyroiditis
102
What disease?
Caused by benign tumor of thyroid
Thyroid adenoma
103
What disease?
Arises from follicular cells
Thyroid adenoma
104
What disease?
More common in women ages 30-50
Thyroid adenoma
105
What disease?
Clinical presentation includes painless thyroid nodule, symptoms of hyperthyroidism, may be euthyroid
Thyroid adenoma
106
What disease?
Tx is to monitor, possibly surgery
Thyroid adenoma
107
What disease?
Caused by thyroid malignancy
Papillary thyroid carcinoma
108
Is Papillary thyroid carcinoma more common in men or women?
Women
109
What disease?
Clinical presentation is a painless thyroid mass, may have lymphadenopathy
Papillary thyroid carcinoma
110
Metastasis to regional lymph nodes
Lymphadenopathy
111
What disease?
Diagnosed by ultrasound and biopsy
Papillary thyroid carcinoma
112
What disease?
Tx is surgery; good prognosis
Papillary thyroid carcinoma
113
What disease?
Caused by congenital cyst from remnants of thyroglossal duct
Thyroglossal duct cyst
114
What disease?
Present from birth; usually apparent in children/young adults
Thyroglossal duct cyst
115
What disease?
Clinical presentation is MIDLINE neck mass, moves with swallowing, can be confused with other neck masses
Thyroglossal duct cyst
116
What disease?
Diagnosed by imaging
Thyroglossal duct cyst
117
Secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Parathyroid gland
118
What does PTH regulate?
Ca2+ and phosphate levels
119
What gland plays a crucial role in bone metabolism?
Parathyroid gland
120
What disease?
Caused by overproduction of PTH
Primary hyperparathyroidism
121
Most commonly due to parathyroid adenoma (benign tumor)
Primary hyperparathyroidism
122
What disease?
Most common in women and older adults
Primary hyperparathyroidism
123
What disease?
Clinical presentation is hypercalcemia, kidney stones, bone pain, constipation, frequent urination, depression, confusion
Primary hyperparathyroidism
124
What disease?
Clinical presentation is "stones," "bones," "groans," "thrones," and "psychiatric overtones"
Primary hyperparathyroidism
stones = kidney/gallbladder
bones = pain
groans = constipation
thrones = frequent urination
psychiatric overtones = depression/confusion
125
What disease?
Diagnosed by increased Ca2+ and PTH, and decreased phosphate
Primary hyperparathyroidism
126
What disease?
Tx is surgical removal of adenoma
Primary hyperparathyroidism
127
What disease?
Caused by chronic low Ca2+ levels
Secondary hyperparathyroidism
128
What disease?
Most often secondary to chronic kidney disease
Secondary hyperparathyroidism
129
What disease?
Results in overproduction of PTH by parathyroid
Secondary hyperparathyroidism
130
What disease?
Less frequently due to vitamin D deficiency or malabsorption
Secondary hyperparathyroidism
131
What disease?
Affects pts with chronic kidney disease
Secondary hyperparathyroidism
132
What disease?
Clinical presentation is decreased bone mineralization and calciphylaxis
Secondary hyperparathyroidism
133
Decreased bone mineralization
Renal osteodystrophy
134
Calcification of blood vessels secondary to hyperphosphatemia
Calciphylaxis
135
What disease?
Diagnosed by low or normal Ca2+ levels, high PTH and phosphate levels, and low vitamin D levels
Secondary hyperparathyroidism
136
What disease?
Tx is treat underlying cause
Secondary hyperparathyroidism
137
Where are the adrenal glands located?
On top of each kidney
138
Outer layer of the adrenal gland
Cortex
139
Inner layer of the adrenal gland
Medulla
140
What is made in the adrenal cortex?
Glucocorticoids (cortisol)
Mineralcorticoids (aldosterone)
Androgens
141
What is made in the adrenal medulla?
Catecholamines (epi + norepi)
142
Cushing syndrome
Hypercortisolism
143
What disease?
Caused by elevated glucocorticoid levels (exogenous + endogenous)
Hypercortisolism (cushing syndrome)
144
What causes elevated exogenous glucocorticoid levels in hypercortisolism?
Corticosteroid use
145
What causes elevated endogenous glucocorticoid levels in hypercortisolism?
ACTH-producing pituitary adenoma (most common)
Ectopic ACTH production (lung cancer)
Adrenal adenoma (benign tumor)
146
What is the most common cause of hypercortisolism?
Corticosteroid use
147
What is the 2nd most common cause of hypercortisolism?
ACTH-producing pituitary adenoma
148
What disease?
Affects pts taking long-term steroid therapy; more common in women age 20-40
Hypercortisolism (cushing syndrome)
149
What disease?
Clinical presentation is hypertension, weight gain, moon facies, buffalo hump, secondary diabetes, cutaneous striae
Hypercortisolism (cushing syndrome)
150
What disease?
Diagnosed by elevated ACTH and high levels of excreted corticosteroid in urine
Hypercortisolism (cushing syndrome)
151
What disease?
Tx is gradual tapering of exogenous corticosteroids, surgery to remove adrenal/pituitary tumor, meds to reduce cortisol production
Hypercortisolism (cushing syndrome)
152
Addison disease
Adrenal insufficiency
153
What disease?
Caused by decreased production of cortisol and mineralocorticoids
Adrenal insufficiency (addison disease)
154
What is the result of decreased production of cortisol and mineralocorticoids?
Increased ACTH
155
What disease?
Caused by autoimmune destruction, TB, sarcoidosis, adrenal hemorrhage, metastatic cancer
Adrenal insufficiency (addison disease)
156
Most common cause is autoimmune destruction
Adrenal insufficiency (addison disease)
157
What disease?
Affects broad range of people, dependent on cause
Adrenal insufficiency (addison disease)
158
What disease?
Clinical presentation is weakness, fatigue, GI symptoms (nausea, vomiting, weight loss, diarrhea), and hyperpigmentation of skin/oral mucosa
Adrenal insufficiency (addison disease)
159
What disease?
Diagnosed by low cortisol and high ACTH
Adrenal insufficiency (addison disease)
160
What disease?
Tx is glucocorticoid and mineralcorticoid replacement therapy; treatment of underlying condition
Adrenal insufficiency (addison disease)
161
What disease?
Caused by benign adrenal tumor, tumor of catecholamine-producing cells, excess epi + norepi, leads to hypertension
Pheochromocytoma
162
What disease?
Can be syndromic and sporadic
Pheochromocytoma
163
What causes syndromic Pheochromocytoma?
Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) types 2A and 2B
Neurofibromatosis type 1
164
What disease?
Broad, can affect anyone
Pheochromocytoma
165
What disease?
Clinical presentation is hypertension (episodic or continuous), tachycardia, headache, sweating, tremor
Pheochromocytoma
166
What disease?
Diagnosed by urinary excretion of catecholamines and their metabolites
Pheochromocytoma
167
What diseases?
Tx is surgical exicision
Pheochromocytoma
Thyroglossal duct cyst
168
What hormone?
Targets liver, adipose tissue
GH
169
What hormone?
Stimulates growth, metabolism of carbs and lipids
GH
170
What hormone?
Target is mammary glands
Prolactin
171
What hormone?
Production of milk
Prolactin
172
What hormone?
Target is thyroid
TSH
173
What hormone?
Secretion of thyroid hormones
TSH
174
What hormones?
Target is ovaries, testes
FSH
LH
175
What hormone?
Regulates reproductive function
FSH
176
What hormone?
Production of sex hormones
LH
177
What hormone?
Target is adrenal gland
ACTH
178
What hormone?
Secretion of glucocorticoids
ACTH
179
Overproduction of what hormone?
Gigantism
Acromegaly
GH
180
Overproduction of what hormone?
Galactorrhea, amenorrhea, sexual dysfunction, infertility
Prolactin
181
Overproduction of what hormone?
Hyperthyroidism
TSH
182
Overproduction of what hormone?
Ovarian hyperstimulation, menstrual irregularities, testicular enlargement, precocious puberty
FSH
LH
183
Overproduction of what hormone?
Cushing syndrome
Hyperpigmentation
ACTH
