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From Flashcardlet > Gender Psych. > Flashcards

Gender Psych. Flashcards

0
Q

Gender

A
  1. Social categories of male and female, more fluid
  2. features of gender, like personality and appearance
  3. Psychological features and role attributions
  4. Ex. Emotionality, nurturance, wearing skirts are female traits we assign in the U.S. Competitiveness is a male trait we assign
  5. Gender differs across cultures, different societies have different expectations about how females and males should behave
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1
Q

Sex

A
  1. Refers to the biological categories of female and male
  2. Categorized by genes, chromosomes and hormones
  3. Culture plays no role
  4. Stable, not easily changed
  5. Same across cultures
  6. Ex. Y chromosome makes a male sex
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2
Q

Sex-related behavior

A
  1. Behavior corresponds to sex
  2. Not causal
  3. No etiology determinant
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3
Q

Gender role

A
  1. Society’s influence on biologically based categories of female and male
  2. Social positions on norms and expectations about being female or male
  3. Ex. Men-independent, strong, masculine (aggressive, confident), competitive, non emotional
    Women- emotionally expressive, polite, helpful, feminine (cooking)
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4
Q

Intrarole conflict

A
  1. When expectations within a role conflict
  2. Ex. Woman- expectation to express emotion and feeling but is in an unhappy marriage. Should she express these feelings
  3. Ex. Men- expectation to achieve or be independent, can not ask for help. What if he can not build or put something together
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5
Q

Interrole conflict

A
  1. Expectations of one role conflicting with the expectations of another role
  2. Ex. Does my role as a student conflict with my female or male gender role. Males are expected to be independent but in a group setting he has to be a team.
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6
Q

Gender identity or gender role identity

A
  1. The perception of the self as psychologically female or male
  2. Ex. I feel like a women, even if I am biologically male
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7
Q

Transgendered individuals

A
  1. People who live with a gender identity that does not correspond to their biological sex
  2. Biologically female, but feels like a male
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8
Q

Transsexual

A
  1. Gender identity that does not correspond to their biological sex, and they have had hormonal or surgical treatment to change their sex to correspond with gender identity
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9
Q

Intersex

A
  1. Persons born with ambiguous genitals

2. Typically have surgery to alter genitals to be consistent with biology

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10
Q

Sexual orientation

A
  1. Refers to whether people prefer to have other-sex or same-sex persons as partners for love, affection, and sex
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11
Q

Sex typing

A
  1. Process by which sex appropriate preferences, behaviors, skills, and self-concept are acquired.
  2. Ex. How does a girl become famine? A boy masculine?
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12
Q

Sex typed

A
  1. A male who thinks, feels, behaves in masculine ways, and a female who thinks, feels and behaves in feminine ways
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13
Q

Cross sex types

A
  1. A male who acts feminine and a female who acts masculine
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14
Q

Androgynous

A
  1. Someone who incorporates both masculine and feminine qualities
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15
Q

Gender role attitude

A
  1. Our personal views about how women and men should behave
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16
Q

Sexism

A
  1. The affective feeling component of our attitude toward the sex category.
  2. Prejudice toward people based on their sex
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17
Q

Sex stereotype or gender role stereotype

A
  1. Beliefs about the features of the biological or psychological categories of male and female
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18
Q

Sex discrimination

A
  1. The differential treatment of people based on their biological sex
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19
Q

Feminism

A
  1. Someone who believes men and women should be treated equally
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20
Q

Gender culture

A
  1. Reflects society’s understanding of what is possible, proper, and perverse in gender-linked behavior
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21
Q

Minimalists

A
  1. Believe the two sexes are fundamentally the same

2. Believe there are very few differences between men and women

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22
Q

Maxima lists

A
  1. Believe there are fundamental differences between men and women
  2. Believe these differences are not deficits
  3. Two equal and valuable ways of relating to the world
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23
Q

Constructionists

A
  1. Argue that it is fruitless to study gender because gender cannot be divorced from its context
  2. Gender is created by the perceiver
  3. facts about gender do not exist only interpretations do
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24
Q

Sex is used as a subjective variable (approach to the study of gender)

A
  1. Most traditional approach to study gender
  2. Represented in studies of sex comparisons
  3. Sex is an attribute of a person
  4. Comparison of thoughts, feelings and behaviors of men and women
  5. Ex. sex differences in conformity, public vs private
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25
Q

Psychological differences between women and men (approach to the study of gender)

A
  1. Femininity vs masculinity
  2. Individual differences approach
  3. Focus on social category of gender role rather than biological category
  4. Ex. Is being female associated with providing help or is empathy a better predictor of helping. If it is, then both men and women high in empathy will be helpful.
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26
Q

Sex is examined as a stimulus or target variable

A
  1. Researchers examine how people respond to the categories of female and male.
  2. Ex. People rate pictures of infants as more attractive when the infant is thought to be female and stronger when the infant is male.
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27
Q

Correlational study

A
  1. Relationship between two variables, usually at a single place in time
  2. Not causal
  3. A number of explanations could account for the relationship between two variables
  4. Correlation can range from -1 to 1
  5. Positive correlation: levels of both variables increase or decrease at the same time. Ex. Women who have traditional attitudes do more household chores.
  6. Negative correlation: as one level increases the other decreases. Ex. Men who have traditional values perform less household chores
  7. Sex is a subject variable Ex. Differences between men and women’s behavior
  8. Strength: external validity (often measuring behavior in real world, it may be generalizable)
  9. Weakness: internal validity (variables are measured simultaneously, and cause must precede effect to be causal)
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28
Q

Experimental study

A
  1. Manipulation of one variable to observe the effects of another variable
  2. Must use random assignment
  3. When sex is a stimulus or target variable Ex. A child dressed in neutral clothing, participants told the child is Sam or Samantha. Who do people smile at the perceived male or female?
  4. Strength: internal validity (confidence you are measuring true cause of the effect)
  5. Weakness: external validity (generalizability to the real world)
  6. Cause and effect can be determined because all variables can be controlled for
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29
Q

Independent variable

A
  1. What you think causes the effect

2. The manipulated variable

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30
Q

Dependent variable

A
  1. What you think was effected

2. The effected variable we are measuring

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31
Q

Random assignment

A
  1. Each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to each condition
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32
Q

Cross-sectional designs

A
  1. Measures at a single point in time
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33
Q

Longitudinal study

A
  1. Measuring the independent variable at one time and the dependent variable at another time (measure multiple points in time)
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34
Q

Experimenter effects

A
  1. Ways experimenters can influence results of a study
  2. The nature of the questions asked in a study
  3. The design of the study
  4. Preexisting beliefs and bias
  5. Selection of participants
  6. Manipulation of independent variable, measurement of dependent variable.
  7. Self fulfilling prophecy
  8. Manipulation of data
  9. Data interpretation
  10. Communication of results
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35
Q

Conceptual variables

A

1.

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36
Q

Operational variables

A

1.

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37
Q

Participant effects

A
  1. Social desirability response bias: wanting to behave in socially desirable ways, likable
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38
Q

Gender ideologies

A
  1. Attitudes towards men’s and women’s roles
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39
Q

Traditional gender ideology

A
  1. Men’s sphere is work and women’s sphere is the home

2. Men have greater power

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40
Q

Egalitarian gender ideology

A
  1. Power is distributed equally between men and women

2. Women and men identify equally with the same spheres

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41
Q

Transitional gender ideology

A
  1. Acceptable for women to devote energy to both work and family, but should hold more responsibility for the home.
  2. Men should focus more on their work
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42
Q

Hostile sexism

A
  1. Feelings of hostility toward women

2. Negative attitude toward women

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43
Q

Benevolent sexism

A
  1. Positive feelings toward women

2. Pro social orientation toward women

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44
Q

Benevolent discrimination

A
  1. Men providing more help to women than men
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45
Q

Gender role stereotypes

A
  1. Features we assign to women and men in our society
  2. Not biological features
  3. Social roles
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46
Q

Category based expectancies

A
  1. Occur when you do not know much about a person except the category to which he or she belongs
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47
Q

Target based expectancies

A
  1. Perceptions you have about a person based on individuating information
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48
Q

Self fulfilling prophecy

A
  1. Stereotyping can influence our behavior toward others in such a way that others confirm the stereotype
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49
Q

Correspondent inference theory

A
  1. More likely to make dispositional attributions for behavior that is not normative, but unique
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50
Q

Backlash effect

A
  1. When people who display counterstereotypical behavior are penalized
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51
Q

Shifting standard

A
  1. The idea we might have one standard for defining a behavior for one group, but another for defining a behavior in another group
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52
Q

Self-role discrepancy theory

A

The strain that arises when we fail to live up to the gender role society has constructed.

53
Q

Social constructionist

A

People who believe that masculinity and femininity are categories constructed by society and that each society may have a different definition of masculinity and femininity.

54
Q

Socialized dysfunctional characteristics theory

A

Inherently dysfunctional personality characteristics that are fundamental to the gender roles instilled by society.

55
Q

Unmitigated agency

A

Personality orientation characterized by a focus on the self to the exclusion of others.

56
Q

Unmitigated communion

A

Personality orientation characterized by a focus on other to exclusion of the self.

57
Q

Backlash effect

A

The penalty that is imposed on people for counterstereotypycal behavior .

58
Q

Benevolent discrimination

A

Providing more help to women than men with the notion that women are less competent than men and are in need of men’s help.

59
Q

Benevolent sexism

A

Positive feelings toward women coupled with the notion that woman are less competent than men and are in need of men’s help.

60
Q

Category-based expectancies

A

Assumptions about individual based on characteristics of general categories to which they belong

61
Q

Correspondence inference theory

A

Idea that people are more likely to make dispositional attributions for behavior that is unique or extreme rather than normative

62
Q

Egalitarian gender ideology

A

Maintains that power is distributed equally between men and women and that men and women identify equally with the same spheres.

63
Q

Gender ideologies

A

Attitudes toward men’s and women’s roles

64
Q

Gender -role stereotypes

A

Features that individuals assign to men and women in their society; features not assigned due to ones biological sex,but due to the social roles men and women hold.

65
Q

Homophobia

A

A negative attitude toward homosexuals

66
Q

Hostile sexism

A

Feelings of hostility toward women reflected by negative assumptions about women.

67
Q

Self-fulfilling prophecy

A

Situation in which expectations influence behavior toward someone so that the person behaves in a way to confirm our expectations.

68
Q

Sexism

A

Feeling toward people based on their sex alone

69
Q

Shifting standard

A

Idea that there is one standard for defining the behavior of one group,but another standard for defining the behavior of another group.

70
Q

Target based expectations

A

Perceptions of a person based on individual information about that person.

71
Q

Traditional gender ideology

A

Maintains that men’s sphere is work and women’s sphere is home.

72
Q

Transitional gender ideology

A

Maintains that it is acceptable for women and men to identify with the same spheres, but women should devote proportionately more time to matters at home and men should devote proportionately more time to work.

73
Q

Transphobia

A

Negative attitude toward transgendered people.

74
Q

Androgens

A

Male sex hormones (e.g.,Testerone)

75
Q

Androgyny

A

Incorporation of both traditionally masculine and traditionally feminine qualities into one’s self-concept

76
Q

Behavioral confirmation

A

Process by which a perceivers expectation actually alters the targets behavior so the target comes to confirm the perceivers expectancy.

77
Q

Cognitive confirmation

A

Idea that individuals see what they want to see.

78
Q

Estrogens

A

Female sex hormones

79
Q

Gender aschematic

A

Someone who does not use the gender category as guiding principle in behavior or as a way of processing information about the world.

80
Q

Gender constancy

A

Categorization of the self as male or female and the realization that this category cannot be changed.

81
Q

Gender identity

A

Label determined by biological sex that is applied either to the self or other people.

82
Q

Gender schematic

A

Someone who uses the gender category as a guiding principle in behavior and as a way of processing information about the world.

83
Q

Heterosexual script

A

Stereotypical enactment of male and female roles in romantic relationships.

84
Q

Intersex conditions

A

Conditions in which chromosomal sex does not correspond to phenotypic sex or there is inconsistency within phenotypic sex.

85
Q

Lateralization

A

Localization of an ability(e.g., language) in one hemisphere of the brain.

86
Q

Masculine mystique

A

Image of masculinity upheld by society that consist of toughness,dominance,emotional detachment, callousness toward, eagerness to seek out danger,and competition.

87
Q

Proactive aggression

A

Aggressive behavior that is planned and generally socially motivated

88
Q

Reactive aggression

A

Aggressive behavior that takes the form of an angry,impulsive response to threat or provocation.

89
Q

Scheme

A

Category that contains information about the features of the category as well as its associations with other categories.

90
Q

Self-monitoring

A

Variable that describes the extent to which one is more concerned with self-presentation or self-verification.

91
Q

Self-presentation

A

Concern individuals have with how their behavior appears to others.

92
Q

Self-verification

A

Concern individuals have with behaving in ways consistent with their self-concepts.

93
Q

Social cognitive theory

A

States that cognitive development is one factor in gender-role acquisitions, but there are social influences as well.

94
Q

Achievement motive

A

Stable personality characteristics that reflects the tendacy to strive for success.

95
Q

Attribution

A

Cause assigned to a behavior.

96
Q

Collective interdependence

A

Connection to others derived from group membership.

97
Q

Entity theory

A

Belief that competence is due to fixed ability and cannot be changed

98
Q

Expectancy/value model of achievement

A

Theory that achievement-related choices are a function of our expectancy for success and our value of the area.

99
Q

External attribution

A

Cause assigned to a behavior that originates in the enviroment.

100
Q

Fear of success

A

Association of negative consequences with achievement

101
Q

Independent self-construal

A

Sense of self based on connection to others.

102
Q

Internal attribution

A

Cause assigned to a behavior that originates within the person.

103
Q

Relational interdependence

A

Emphasis on close relationships.

104
Q

Self-serving bias

A

The tendency to assign internal attributions for success and external attributions for failure.

105
Q

Stable attribution

A

Cause for a behavior that does not change over time.

106
Q

Stereotype threat

A

Theory that activating the female stereotypes hinders women’s performance.

107
Q

Unstable attribution

A

Cause for a behavior that may change with time,day,or place

108
Q

Comparable worth policy

A

State that men and women in different jobs should be paid the same wage for comparable work

109
Q

Demand-side theory

A

Explanation for the wage gap that emphasizes the different ways men and women are treated

110
Q

Denial of disadvantage

A

Condition in which women perceive that discrimination exists but deny that they have personally are victims of it

111
Q

Differential exposure hypothesis

A

Proposition that men and women posses different roles, which are associated with different stressors and different resources

112
Q

Glass ceiling

A

Label applied to barriers to the advancement of women and minorities in organizations.

113
Q

Glass escalator

A

Term referring to the ability of men to be promoted quickly when they take positions in traditionally female fields.

114
Q

Hostile environment

A

Type of sexual harassment in which one person is creating a hostile, intimidating work environment for another.

115
Q

Human Capitol accumulation theory

A

A job and the salary associated with the job are functions of the person’s characteristics or “human capital”, such as skills, experiences, and education( see supply -side theory)

116
Q

Marital bonus

A

Increase in income granted to men who are married and/or have children compared to men who are single.

117
Q

Maternal wall

A

Employers devaluation and limitations of job opportunities of female employees when they become parents .

118
Q

Norms

A

Expectations for behavior

119
Q

Pay disparity

A

Type of treatment discrimination in which women are paid less than men for doing comparable work.

120
Q

Quid pro quo

A

Type of sexual harassment in which one person offers work benefits of threatens work repercussions in exchange for sexual behaviors

121
Q

Role

A

Position in society governed by a set of norms

122
Q

Role conflict

A

Condition in which the demands of one role are at odds with the demands of another role

123
Q

Role expansion hypothesis

A

Idea that benefits are to be gained from having diverse roles

124
Q

Role overload

A

Conditions that arises when time limitations create difficulties in fulfilling obligations for one’s roles.

125
Q

Role scarcity hypothesis

A

Idea that multiple roles will have a negative effect on health because time and resources are limited and additional roles tap resources.

126
Q

Role spillover

A

The idea that the effects of enacting one role spill over or affect how one enacts another role

127
Q

Salary estimation effect

A

The assumption that jobs inhabited by men pay more than jobs inhabited by women.

128
Q

Selection effect

A

Potential for healthier people to choose certain roles, which then leads to difficulties in determining whether those roles influence health

129
Q

Sex-role spillover theory

A

Suggestions that expectations about men’s and women’s roles carry over to the workplace when they are not appropriate or are irrelevant

130
Q

Supply side theory

A

Explanation for the wage gap that emphasizes the different characteristics of male and and female workers.

131
Q

Treatment discrimination

A

Situation in which an individual receives a reduced salary or reduced opportunities for promotion compared to other individuals having the same job.

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