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Flashcards in Gene Regulation Deck (27)
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1
Q

Purpose of Gene Regulation

A
  • Give cell specialized role
  • Gene product dosage
  • Nuclear Envelope
  • Respond to changing environmental stimuli
  • Different developmental stages
2
Q

Always transcribed/expressed

  • Gene product continuously needed to run the cell
    ex. GAPDH in glycolysis, rRNA genes, Actin
A

Housekeeping Genes (Constitutively expressed)

3
Q

Transcription and expression is more regulated.

  • Transcribed and translated in response to the needs of the cell.
    ex. immune response, development, vasodialators/constrictors, HOX
A

Conditionally expressed genes (Facultatively expressed)

4
Q

Where does transcription occur?

A
  • Chromosome territory
  • Interchromosomal domain
  • Transcription factory
5
Q

Each chromosome exists in a defined area of the nucleus.

A

Chromosome territory

6
Q

Areas of nucleoplasm between chromosomes

-Space

A

Interchromosomal domain

7
Q

Clusters of transcriptional machinery

A

Transcription factory

8
Q
  • Is essential for transcription
  • When bound by GTFs, recruits polymerase and causes basal transcription.
  • Other elements fine tune transcription
A

Core Promoter

9
Q

“next to gene”

consensus sequence

A

Cis-acting sequence

10
Q

“from someplace else” (away from gene)

A

Trans-acting sequence

11
Q

Regulatory segments of the eukaryotic gene

A

-Set of cis acting elements are bound by trans acting factors

12
Q

Regulatory segments of the eukaryotic gene contain:

-Combination of coordinates strength of expression of that gene (can turn up or down gene expression)

A
  • Core promoter
  • Proximal elements—close
  • Distal elements—far
    1. Enhancers
    2. Silencers
13
Q

Regulatory Elements

A

Enhancers

Silencers

14
Q

Bound by activators
Cis regulating element
-When bound, increase transcription of the gene

A

Enhancers

15
Q

Bound by repressors

-When bound, transcription is decreased and gene expression is repressed.

A

Silencers

16
Q

Regulation at the transcriptional level is upstream or downstream from the +1 site?

A

Upstream

17
Q

Have 2 major domains:

  1. DNA binding domain
  2. Transcription activation domain
    - Changing shape
A

Activators

18
Q

Subset of enhancers

  • binding allows for the cell to respond to enviornmental changes by expressing genes involved in that response
    ex. ARE (antioxidant response element)
A

Response Elements

19
Q

Have opposite role of activators

-Decrease transcription

A

Repressors

20
Q

In response to injunctions from activators, these factors position RNA pol. at the start of transcription and initiate the transcription process

A

GTFs (General transcription Factors)

21
Q

Each gene has a specific set of regulatory elements that are bound by specific regulatory proteins
-More efficient because no need for more activators

A

Combinatorial gene regulation

22
Q

To measure expression

A

Measure amount of products:
1. RNA
2. Protein
Reporter System–located downstream from promoter of interest

23
Q

Histone core is moved so that the gene is accessible to transcription.
-Sliding exposes DNA

A

Chromatin Remodeling

24
Q

One gene can encode more than one protien because different combinations of exons are spliced together

A

Alternative Splicing

25
Q

mRNA turnover

A
  • mRNA is degraded in a controlled manner
  • Half-life
  • Depends on structure of RNA and proteins bound to it and on poly A tail length
  • Way to regulate translation of the mRNA transcript
26
Q

mRNA can be stored in such a way that they’re not translated right away.

  • Speedy
  • Good for immediate response, cell can regulate translation
A

Differential translation

27
Q

-Protein degradation in response to signals

A

Proteolysis