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general exam 3 cards Flashcards

(115 cards)

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1
Q

CNS Neuroglia:

A

astrocytes, microglial cells, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes

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2
Q

PNS Neuroglia:

A

Satellite Cells, Schwann Cells

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3
Q

Astrocytes

A
  • CNS
  • most abundant
  • increase neurotransmitter reuptake
  • controlling the ionic environment around neurons
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4
Q

Microglial Cells

A
  • CNS
  • smallest and least abundant
  • macrophages
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5
Q

Ependymal Cells

A
  • CNS
  • glial but also ciliated epithelium
  • helps make and move CSF
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6
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A
  • CNS
  • can form sheaths for multiple axons
  • myelinated
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7
Q

Satellite Cells

A
  • PNS

- surrounds cell body

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8
Q

Schwann Cells

A
  • surrounds all axons in PNS

- axons are only myelinated if more than 1 layer

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9
Q

Neuroglia

A

cells have processes, non-excitable, smaller, more numerous than neurons, can divide throughout life

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10
Q

non-myelinated

A

only 1 layer of myelin or schwann cell doesnt cover axon completely

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11
Q

Nerves are located in

A

PNS

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12
Q

Tracts are located in

A

CNS

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13
Q

Monosynaptic reflex

A

no interneuron but still passes through the integration center (spinal cord gray matter)

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14
Q

Polysynaptic reflex

A

has interneuron

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15
Q

Diencephalon made up of

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus

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16
Q

Brain stem made up of

A

medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain

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17
Q

Lateral Ventricles serve

A

cerebrum

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18
Q

Third ventricle serves

A

Diencephalon

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19
Q

Cerebral Aqueduct serves

A

midbrain

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20
Q

Fourth ventricle serves

A

pons, cerebellum, medulla (not mid brain!)

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21
Q

Central canal serves

A

spinal cord

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22
Q

Septum pellucidum

A

separates lateral ventricles in the anterior area

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23
Q

Ventricle Aperatures

A
  • 1 medial, 2 lateral

- allows CSF out of ventricular system and to surround brain and spinal cord

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24
Q

Cerebrum layers

A
  • Cerebral cortex: gray
  • Cerebral white matter: white
  • Cerebral gray matter: gray
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25
Gyrus
individual bump on cortex
26
Sulcus
individual grove on cortex
27
Fissure
longer/larger sulci on cortex
28
Cerebral lobes
- Frontal - Parietal - Occipital - Insular (hidden inside)
29
Transverse Cerebral fissure
separates cerebral cortex and cerebellum
30
Central sulcus
separates front and back (frontal and parietal lobes)
31
Precentral gyrus
- rostral to central sulcus; primary motor cortex
32
Postcentral gyrus
- caudal to central sulcus; primary somatosensory cortex
33
Cerebral White Matter Fibers:
- Commissural - Associational - Projection
34
Commissural Fibers
- connects both hemispheres | - largest is corpus callosum
35
Associational Fibers
- intrahemisphereic, long or short
36
Projection
- cortex to lower CNS, vertical, usually long
37
Cerebral Deep Gray Matter
- basal nuclei (ganglia) - claustrum - amygdala
38
Basal Nuclei (Ganglia)
- important for motor control (associated with Parkinsons)
39
Thalamus
- relay station (has interneurons), has subnuclei
40
Hypothalamus
- controls homeostasis, has subnuclei
41
Mammillary Bodies
- posterior caudal nucleus of hypothalamus
42
Epithalamus
- contains pineal gland and posterior commissure
43
Pineal gland
releases melatonin
44
Infundibulum
stalk of pituitary gland (connected to hypothalamus)
45
Midbrain made of
- Cerebral peduncles - Cerebral aqueduct - Corpora quadrigemma
46
Cerebral peduncles
mostly motor axons (tracts) from cortex to cerebellum and spinal cord
47
Corpora quadrigemma
- 4 bumps on dorsal midbrain - superior colliculi - visual reflexes - inferior colliculi - auditory reflexes
48
Pons
- a bridge (of tracts) connecting brain stem and cerebellum
49
Medulla Oblongata
- also helps in homeostasis | - contains pyramids, olives, and motor decussation
50
Pyramids
motor tracts that form bulges on anterior surface of medulla
51
Olives
nuclei that form bulges lateral to pyramids
52
Motor decussation
middle line and hash marks, motor neurons switch sides here
53
Cerebellum
- 2 hemispheres - cortex: gray matter, folds called folia - white matter called arbor vitae - Vermis - midline structure
54
Lobes of Cerebellum
anterior, posterior and flocculondular
55
Anterior and Posterior lobes of Cerebellum
motor coordination and smooth voluntary movement
56
Flocculondular lobe of cerebellum
equilibrium and balance
57
Meninges
connective tissure sheaths that surround the brain and spinal cord
58
Parts of Meninges
- Dura Mater (most superficial) - Arachnoid Mater - Pia Mater (most deep)
59
Periosteum
under scalp, above skull, dense irregular CTP, lots of collagen, very strong
60
2 parts of dura mater:
- Periosteol (on bone) | - Meningeal (dips into brain)
61
Dural Venous Sinus
- collects CSF, created by meningeal layer separating | - CSF flows to posterior of skull and merges with interior jugular vein
62
Choroid Plexus
makes CSF
63
Dural septum made by
Right and left meningeal layers coming together
64
Falx Cerebri
separates the cerebral hemispheres
65
Tentorum Cerebelli
separates cerebellum from the cerebrum, sits in the transverse cerebral fissure
66
Cauda Equina
collection of spinal NERVES (not part of CNS)
67
Filum Terminale
filament that anchors spinal cord to coccyx, made of fibrous tissue
68
Point of Issue
where nerve is found between 2 vertebrae
69
Cervical has ___ extra nerve
1; C8 nerve
70
Spinal Cord White Matter
dorsal, ventral and lateral funiculus (columns)
71
Spinal Cord Gray Matter
dorsal, ventral, (and lateral) horns | - lateral horns only found in T1-L2!
72
Dorsal roots of nerve
pure sensory, has ganglion (use for orientation)
73
Ventral roots of nerve
pure motor
74
Spinal Cord Segments
- cervical is football shaped, lots of white matter, large ventral horns - thoracic is smallest, tiny white matter, lateral horns - Lumbosacral - lots of gray matter, rounder, butterfly shaped white matter
75
Tracts are named from
where they start; names indicate direction
76
spinal cord white matter is both __ and __
sensory and motor
77
SPinothalamic Pathway
switch sides in spine
78
Motor pathway
switch sides in motor decussation (medulla)
79
Upper motor neuron
brain --> interneuron/lower motor neuron | doesn't directly connect to an organ
80
Lower Motor Neuron
soma in ventral horn, connects to effector organ
81
Special somatic senses
hearing, equilibrium, vision
82
Special Visceral senses
taste, smell
83
Somatic motor nerves innervate
skeletal muscle
84
Autonomic motor nerves inntervate
smooth and cardiac muscle, glands
85
most nerves are ____ nerves
mixed
86
CN I
- Olfactory - Sensory: smell - has nerves, bulbs, and tract
87
CN II
- Optic - Sensory: Vision - has nerves, chiasm, and tract
88
CN III
- Oculomotor - Motor: moves eye, changes pupil shape - LR6SO4, everything else CN 3
89
CN IV
- Trochlear - Motor: move eye (superior oblique) - if damaged, cant look inferolaterally - smallest cranial nerve
90
CN V
- Trigeminal - Sensory: sensation to face - Motor: mastication (not facial expressions)
91
CN VI
- Abducens | - Motor: moves eye (lateral rectus)
92
CN VII
- Facial - Sensory: taste on anterior 2/3 tongue - Motor: move face (expressions)
93
CN VIII
- Vestibulocochlear | - Sensory: equilibrium and hearing
94
CN IX
- Glossopharyngeal - Sensory: posterior 1/3 of tongue Motor: swallowing
95
CN X
- Vagus - Sensory: Taste from epiglottis - Motor: swallowing and vocalization - only CN that innervates outside of head and neck - lots of parasympathetic info
96
CN XI
- Accessory - Motor: moves head (trapezius and sternocleiodmastoid ) - actually a spinal nerve
97
CN XII
- Hypoglossal | - Motor: move tongue, no taste!
98
Nerve Plexuses
- ventral rami of all spinal nerves (except T2-T12) branch and join one another forming networks - functional redundancy
99
T2-T12 nerves innervate in a ____ fashion
segmented
100
how many dorsal rami supply back of trunk in segmented fashion
all!
101
intercostal nerves
used by ventral rami to inntervate rest of trunk not covered by dorsal rami
102
Cervical Plexus
- gave Phrenic Nerve (hyperstimulation causes hiccups) | - C1-C5
103
Brachial Plexus
- C4-T1
104
Lumbar Plexus
- L1-L4 - femoral: anterior thigh - obturator: medial thigh
105
Sacral Plexus
- L4-S4 - smallest plexus - biggest nerve (Sciatic - posterior thigh)
106
dermatome
an area of skin that provides sensory input to CNS via one pair of spinal nerves
107
Somatic NS has __ neuron(s), Autonomic has __ neuron(s)
1; 2
108
Autonomic Motor has more control of ___ compared to Somatic Motor
neurotransmitters; somatic can only release Ach
109
Sympathetic Neurons have ___ preganglionic axon and ___ postganglionic axon
short; long
110
Parasympathetic Neurons have ___ preganglionic axon and ___ postganglionic axon
long; short
111
4 CNs give parasympathetic info:
- III - Oculomotor - pupillary constriction - VI - Facial - lacrimal gland, salivary glands - IX - glossopharyngeal - parotid gland - X - Vagus - visceral organs of thorax/upper abdomen, 90% of preganglionic parasympathetic fibers
112
skin, blood, and adrenal medulla receive ____ innervation
sympathetic
113
Adrenal Medulla
- a sympathetic ganglion - made of special neurons called chromaffin cells - primarily epinephrine released
114
____ regulates balance of symp/parasymp
hypothalamus
115
natural heart rate is ___, but resting rate is much lower, meaning there is a high ____ tone
100; parasympathetic

Anatomy (9 decks)

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