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GI - Week 1 > General principles of the GI tract > Flashcards

General principles of the GI tract Flashcards

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1
Q

Autonomic innervation of the GI tract is primarily by this receptor

A

M2 (80%)

M3 (20%)

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2
Q

Sympathetic innervation to the GI tract is found in these segments of the spinal cord

A

Thoracic and lumbar
T1-L3

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3
Q

Does sympathetic excitation increase or decrease motor and secretory activity?

A

DECREASE

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4
Q

Does excitation of sympathetics or parasympathetics increase motor and secretory activity of the GI tract?

A

Parasympathetic (cranial divison - CN X)

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5
Q

Sympathetic excitation decreases motor and secretory activity due to direct effect of this molecule on smooth muscle and/or neurons of enteric nervous system

A

Norepinephrine

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6
Q

Sympathetic afferent fibers of the GI tract send signals back to the spinal cord via this ganglion

A

Prevertebral

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7
Q

What are the two divisions of the parasympathetic innervation to the GI tract?

A

Cranial division - vagus nerve
Sacral (spinal) division - pelvic nerves (pudendal nerve)

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8
Q

Parasympathetic cranial division (CN X) originates here

A

Dorsal motor nucleus (medulla of brainstem)

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9
Q

Does excitation of Parasympathetic cranial division (CN X) increase or decrease GI motility and secretions?

A

Increase

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10
Q

In the gut, is the vagus nerve sensory or motor?

A

Sensory

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11
Q

This is the reflex that transmits information (such as glucose, pH, osmolality) from the gut to the brain

A

Vagovagal reflex

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12
Q

The cranial division of GI parasympathetics travels via this nerve

A

Vagus nerve

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13
Q

The sacral (spinal) division of GI parasympathetics travels via this nerve

A

Pelvic nerves (pudendal nerve)

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14
Q

The sacral (spinal) division of GI parasympathetics originates in these segments of the spinal cord

A

2nd, 3rd, and 4th sacral segments

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15
Q

Which division of GI parasympathetics originates in the dorsal motor nucleus (in the medulla)?

A

Cranial division (CN X)

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16
Q

Which division of GI parasympathetics originates in the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th sacral segments of the spinal cord?

A

Sacral (spinal) division (pelvic nerves - pudendal nerve)

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17
Q

This GI parasympathetics division functions in the defecation reflex
Innervates descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum and anal regions

A

Sacral (spinal) division

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18
Q

Is the intrinsic enteric nervous system in all areas of the gut?

A

Yes

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19
Q

The intrinsic enteric nervous system is composed of these two plexuses

A

Myenteric (Auerbach’s) plexus
Submucosal (Meissner’s) plexus

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20
Q

Are acetylcholine and kinins (substance P, 5-HT) excitatory or inhibitory to the enteric nervous system?

A

Excitatory

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21
Q

Are nitric oxide, NE, and VIP excitatory or inhibitory to the enteric nervous system?

A

Inhibitory

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22
Q

Are postganglionic sympathetic fibers excitatory or inhibitory to the myenteric plexus?

A

Inhibitory

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23
Q

Are preganglionic parasympathetic fibers excitatory or inhibitory to the myenteric plexus?

A

Excitatory

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24
Q

Does the myenteric plexus contain excitatory or inhibitory neurons?

A

Both

Provides excitatory and inhibitory innervation to the longitudinal and circular muscle

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25
This plexus of the enteric nervous system controls GI movements
Myenteric plexus
26
This plexus of the enteric nervous system controls GI secretions and blood flow
Submucosal plexus
27
What does the myenteric plexus control?
GI movements
28
What does the submucosal plexus control?
GI secretions and blood flow
29
This plexus of the enteric nervous system contains mast cells which secrete histamine
Submucosal plexus
30
This plexus of the enteric nervous system has absorptive cells and sensory cells (crypt cells)
Submucosal plexus
31
This plexus of the enteric nervous system has mechanoreceptors that sense stretch and send information back to plexus
Submucosal plexus
32
Phentolamine is a blocker of these two sympathetic receptors
Alpha 1 and 2
33
Propranolol is a blocker of these two sympathetic receptors
Beta 1 and 2
34
This GI reflex is from the stomach to colon Occurs after ingestion of meal; pronounced in infants Implicated in the pathogenesis of IBS
Gastrocolic reflex
35
The gastrocolic reflex is mediated by the release of this molecule
Gastrin
36
The release of gastrin mediates this GI reflex
Gastrocolic reflex
37
This GI reflex is stimulated by food in stomach and leads to opening of ileocecal valve
Gastroileal reflex
38
The gastroileal reflex is stimulated by this
Food in stomach
39
This GI reflex is located from the small intestine to the stomach, to inhibit gastric motility and secretions
Enterogastric reflex
40
This GI reflex results in decreased gastrin release
Enterogastric reflex
41
This GI reflex is probably related to the presence of HCl in the duodenum (low pH in stomach; <1.5)
Enterogastric reflex
42
This GI reflex is related to low stomach pH
Enterogastric reflex
43
What effect does the Enterogastric reflex have on the release of gastrin?
Inhibits
44
Does the Enterogastric reflex increase or inhibit gastric motility and secretions?
Inhibit
45
This hormone is released by intestinal (from duodenum to ileum) mucosal cells (I cells) in response to fats
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
46
Cholecystokinin (CCK) is released by these cells
Intestinal mucosal cells (I cells)
47
Cholecystokinin (CCK) is released in response to this
Fats
48
This describes an intestinal hormone that decreases gastric secretions and motility
Enterogastrone
49
An Enterogastrone is an intestinal hormone that increases or decreases gastric secretions and motility?
Decreases
50
Cholecystokinin (CCK) has a high affinity for CCKA or CCKa?
CCKA
51
This hormone is released by S cells of duodenum in response to acid and fats
Secretin
52
Secretin is released by these cells
S cells of duodenum
53
Secretin is released in response to this
Acids mainly; and fats
54
This hormone stimulates secretion of HCO3- from liver and pancreatic ductal cells Is an Enterogastrone
Secretin
55
Does Secretin stimulate or inhibit the secretion of HCO3- from liver and pancreatic ductal cells?
Stimulates
56
This hormone is released by G cells in the antrum of the stomach
Gastrin
57
Gastrin is released by these cells
G cells in the antrum of the stomach
58
Gastrin is released in response to this
Distention (and neural (vagal) stimulation (GRP)) of the stomach
59
Gastrin stimulates the parietal cells (in the body of the stomach) to secrete this
HCl
60
Does Gastrin stimulate or inhibit gastric motility?
Stimulates (contrast to CCK and secretin)
61
Gastrin stimulates these two organs to secrete
Gallbladder / Pancreas
62
Gastrin has a high affinity for these receptors
CCKB
63
This form of gastrin is produced during meal
G-17 (antrum)
64
This form of gastrin is produced in basal states
G-34 (antrum and intestinal mucosa)
65
This compound will split G-34 gastrin into G-17 gastrin
Trypsin
66
Trypsin will split G-34 gastrin into this
G-17 gastrin
67
Is G-17 gastrin produced during meals or basal states?
Meals
68
Is G-34 gastrin produced during meals or basal states?
Basal states
69
This hormone is released by M cells of the intestinal (duodenal) mucosa Migrating motor complex
Motilin
70
Motilin is released by these cells
M cells of the intestinal (duodenal) mucosa
71
This hormone is released by K cells in the duodenum Stimulates insulin release (incretin) because of hyperosmolarity of glucose in duodenum
Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) or glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide
72
Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) or glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide is released by these cells
K cells in duodenum
73
Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) stimulates release of this, because of hyperosmolarity of glucose in duodenum
Insulin
74
This neurocrine has very diverse effects that seem to be contradictory Cause smooth muscle cell relaxation (increase in GI blood flow), decreases HCl secretion
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)
75
What effect does Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) have on GI blood flow?
Increases (by relaxing smooth muscle)
76
What effect does Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) have on HCl secretion?
Decreases
77
This neurocrines increase smooth muscle cell "tone" and mediate sphincter contraction Delay the transit time through the gut; used to treat diarrhea (opioids)
Enkephalins (met- and leu-)
78
Paracrine hormone that is produced by D cells in the stomach, intestine, and pancreatic islet cells
Somatostatin
79
Somatostatin is released by these cells
D cells (in the stomach, intestine, and pancreatic islet cells)
80
This paracrine hormone is released in response to glucose, fats and bile salts in the intestinal lumen Inhibits secretion of gastrin
Somatostatin
81
Does Somatostatin excite or inhibit the secretion of gastrin?
Inhibits
82
Somatostatin inhibits secretion of this hormone
Gastrin
83
This paracrine hormone stimulates acid secretion by parietal cells (is a cofactor with acetylcholine and gastrin)
Histamine
84
Defecation after coffee in the morning can result from this GI reflex
Gastrocolic reflex
85
Caffeine stimulates muscle contraction and release of this
Acid (gastrin)
86
Slow waves are the basal electrical rhythm, and are controlled by these cells
Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC)
87
Slow waves are the basal electrical rhythm, and occur via these junctions
Gap junctions
88
This electrical component of GI motility controls spike potentials
Slow waves (basal electrical rhythm)
89
Spike potentials are controlled by this type of channel
Calcium channels
90
Onset of spike potentials is related to this
Stretch
91
Do spike potentials of the GI tract have short or long propagation?
Short
92
Do parasympathetics cause depolarization or hyperpolarization?
Depolarization (excitation)
93
Do sympathetics cause depolarization or hyperpolarization?
Hyperpolarization (inhibition)
94
Does stretch cause depolarization or hyperpolarization?
Depolarization (excitation)
95
Is the amplitude important for muscular contraction?
NO - the number of action potentials is
96
This is the afferent limb of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) system
Peyer's Patch (has antigenic material)
97
This is the efferent limb of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) system
Cells in the lamina propria (mast cells, macrophages)
98
Does the mucosal immune system continue when the antigen is cleared?
No - ceases

GI - Week 1 (11 decks)

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