Oral cavity physiology

Question 1

Muscles of mastication are innervated by a motor branch of this cranial nerve

Answer 1

CN V

Question 2

Does the stretch reflex cause the jaw to open or close?

Answer 2

Close

Question 3

Afferent for the swallowing reflex from the pharynx and esophagus is from these cranial nerves

Answer 3

CN V, IX, and X

Question 4

Efferent for the swallowing reflex from the swallowing center travel via these cranial nerves

Answer 4

CN V, X, and XII

Question 5

Does the swallowing center excite or inhibit the respiratory center?

Answer 5

Inhibit

Question 6

What are the three stages of the swallowing reflex?

Answer 6

Voluntary stage
Pharyngeal stage
Esophageal stage

Question 7

During the pharyngeal stage of the swallowing reflex, the soft palate elevates to close off this

Answer 7

Nasopharynx

Question 8

During the pharyngeal stage of the swallowing reflex, vestibular and vocal folds expand to close this

Answer 8

Larynx

Question 9

During the pharyngeal stage of the swallowing reflex, the epiglottis closes this

Answer 9

Trachea

Question 10

The generation of primary peristaltic wave occurs during this stage of the swallowing reflex

Answer 10

Pharyngeal stage

Question 11

Secondary peristaltic wave are inherent to this type of muscle

Answer 11

Smooth muscle

Question 12

The primary and secondary peristaltic waves occur during this stage of the swallowing reflex

Answer 12

Esophageal stage

Question 13

Is the esophageal stage of the swallowing reflex primarily due to muscles or gravity?

Answer 13

Muscular event

Question 14

This condition occurs due to failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to relax

Answer 14

Achalasia

Question 15

Achalasia is when there is failure of this structure to relax

Answer 15

lower esophageal sphincter

Question 16

Achalasia involves loss of these fibers, which prevents relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter

Answer 16

Vagal inhibitory fibers (VIF)

Question 17

In this condition, patients have difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) and bag-like protrusion forms in the esophagus

Answer 17

Achalasia

Question 18

Achalasia can be treated with pneumatic dilation, botox, surgery, and either of these 2 types of meds

Answer 18

Nitrovasodilators
Calcium channel blockers

Question 19

Does the parotid gland produce mucus, serous, or mixed secretions?

Answer 19

Serous (water, enzymes, ions)

Question 20

Does the submandibular gland produce mucus, serous, or mixed secretions?

Answer 20

Mixed (mucus and serous)

Question 21

Does the sublingual gland produce mucus, serous, or mixed secretions?

Answer 21

Mixed (mucus and serous)

Question 22

This molecule found in salivary secretions buffers H+ in mouth, esophagus, stomach

Answer 22

Bicarb

Question 23

Salivary secretions release this compound, which functions in tissue repair
Helps heel wounds such as a bite inside the mouth

Answer 23

Epidermal growth factor

Question 24

This enzyme found in salivary secretions chelates iron, which is necessary for bacterial growth

Answer 24

Lactoferrin

Question 25

This enzyme found in salivary secretions breaks apart the bacterial cell wall

Answer 25

Lysozyme

Question 26

This part of the salivon is responsible for primary secretion Mucus is isotonic to plasma here

Answer 26

Acinus

Question 27

In the acinus of the salivon, is mucus isotonic or hypotonic to plasma?

Answer 27

Isotonic

Question 28

In the ductal cells of the salivon, is mucus isotonic or hypotonic to plasma?

Answer 28

Hypotonic

Question 29

Saliva is modified in this part of the salivon

Answer 29

Ductal cells

Question 30

Production of saliva in this part of the salivon primarily consists of adding ions and enzymes to the luminal solution

Answer 30

Acinus

Question 31

In ductal cells of the salivon, secretion of calcium is driven by Ca++ dependent signaling, to open these channels

Answer 31

Cl- channels (CFTR channels - which are lost in cystic fibrosis)

Question 32

In ductal cells of the salivon, CFTR channels are opened through stimulation of this type

Answer 32

Parasympathetic (acetylcholine binding to M3 receptor)

Question 33

Does saliva contain more [bicarb and potassium] than [sodium and chloride] relative to plasma?

Answer 33

More - ALWAYS

Question 34

As saliva passes the ductal cells, sodium is reabsorbed via two mechanisms

Answer 34

Na+/H+ exchange (active) ENaC (epithelial sodium channels)

Question 35

As saliva passes the ductal cells, chloride is reabsorbed via this

Answer 35

Cl/HCO3 exchanger (passive; recycled from CFTR transporter)

Question 36

Is water permeable across ductal cells?

Answer 36

No - is impermeable (so solution within the ductal cells becomes hypotonic to plasma)

Question 37

Aldosterone is released during changes in this

Answer 37

Blood pressure

Question 38

Aldosterone causes reabsorption mainly of this ion

Answer 38

Sodium

Question 39

This molecule is released during changes in BP (hypotension, shock), and causes reabsorption of sodium

Answer 39

Aldosterone

Question 40

Are taste, tactile stimuli, smell and nausea stimulatory or inhibitory to parasympathetic regulation of salivary secretion?

Answer 40

Stimulatory

Question 41

Are dehydration, fear, and sleep stimulatory or inhibitory to parasympathetic regulation of salivary secretion?

Answer 41

Inhibitory

Question 42

Does sympathetic stimulation of salivary secretion produce a decrease or increase in secretion?

Answer 42

Short-lived increase in secretion (beta adrenergic)

Question 43

Is primary saliva secretion isotonic or hypotonic to plasma?

Answer 43

Isotonic (acini)

Question 44

Are Na+ and Cl- concentration in saliva less or more than in plasma?

Answer 44

ALWAYS LESS (so is always hypotonic in ductal cells) Even during maximal salivary secretion, saliva remains hypotonic to plasma

Question 45

During maximal salivation, there is less time for ductal cells to reabsorb these two ions, so their concentration increases

Answer 45

Sodium and chloride Potassium remains relatively constant; bicarb is selectively secreted

Question 46

This is a condition of chronic dry mouth Food is tasteless Associated with tobacco use, dehydration, nerve damage, other underlying conditions (diabetes), medications

Answer 46

Xerostomia

Question 47

In this condition, there is less secretions, which can cause tooth decay, difficulty swallowing, esophageal erosions, and halitosis

Answer 47

Xerostomia

Question 48

Along with artificial saliva, this type of drug can be used to treat Xerostomia

Answer 48

Parasympathetic agonists

Question 49

This condition is often seen in patients on medications, such as: Tricyclic antidepressants (imipramine; M3 inhibition) Allergy meds; antihistamines (H1 antagonists) Radiation therapy Chemotherapeutic agents

Answer 49

Xerostomia

Question 50

Chronic inflammatory autoimmune disorder Body attacks all glands that produce moisture (eyes, mouth, vagina) Occurs mostly in women who have gone through menopause Erythema

Answer 50

Sjogren's syndrome

Question 51

This is infectious parotitis Inflammation of one or both parotid glands Can produce an inflammation (pressure) testes -- affects fertility (adult men) Associated with erythema; puffy cheeks

Answer 51

Mumps Viral; usually runs its course in 7-14 days