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GI - Week 1 > Stomach Physiology > Flashcards

Stomach Physiology Flashcards

(95 cards)

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1
Q

Are stomach secretions isotonic or hypotonic to plasma?

A

Isotonic

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2
Q

This is the physiologic sphincter of the stomach, stimulated by nitric oxide

A

Lower esophageal sphincter

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3
Q

This region of the stomach is where the esophagus joins the stomach

A

Cardia

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4
Q

Glands in this region of the stomach secrete mucus

A

Cardia
(cardiac glands)

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5
Q

This region of the stomach is gas storing/trap

A

Fundus

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6
Q

This region of the stomach is acid secreting and contains parietal cells

A

Corpus (body)

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7
Q

This region of the stomach functions in emptying, is affected by large intestine contractions
Contains gastrin and somatostatin secretion and mucus

A

Antrum

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8
Q

This region of the stomach has parietal cells

A

Corpus (body)

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9
Q

This part of the stomach has gastrin and somatostatin

A

Antrum

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10
Q

This is the anatomical sphincter of the stomach

A

Pyloric valve

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11
Q

Is there absorption of nutrients in the stomach?

A

No

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12
Q

How many slow waves are there in the stomach per minute?

A

3

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13
Q

Contraction of GI smooth muscle occurs when action potentials are generated
Duration of contraction is related this

A

Number of spike potentials

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14
Q

This region of the stomach is most excitable

A

Antrum
(so increased motility)

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15
Q

Does the fundus of the stomach have a role in motility?

A

Not really

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16
Q

Does the antrum of the stomach have a role in motility?

A

YES - has increased excitability and motility

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17
Q

The stomach can store this many liters of contents
Note that size of stomach is related to physical stature and not obesity

A

1 - 1.5 L

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18
Q

Is gastric accommodation related to pressure?

A

No - no change in pressure as the stomach expands
Is due to reduced gastric tone and increase in compliance

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19
Q

This reflex involved in gastric accommodation occurs as food approaches the LES

A

Receptive relaxation

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20
Q

This reflex involved in gastric accommodation occurs as food enters the stomach
(due to mechanoreceptors)

A

Adaptive relaxation

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21
Q

Mixing begins in this part of the stomach

A

Corpus

Weak peristaltic waves to mix food (chyme)
Fundus and upper corpus (body) have low frequency contractions (generate 5-15 mmHg)

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22
Q

Does distention of the stomach increase or inhibit gastric motility?

A

Increases

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23
Q

Does gastrin increase or inhibit gastric motility?

A

Increase

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24
Q

Does distention of the duodenum increase or inhibit gastric motility?

A

Inhibit

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25
Does the Enterogastric reflex increase or inhibit gastric motility?
Inhibits
26
Distention of this part of the GI tract increases gastric motility
Stomach
27
Distention of this part of the GI tract inhibits gastric emptying
Duodenum
28
Does presence of acid, fat, and carbohydrates increase or inhibit gastric emptying?
Inhibit
29
Do liquids or solids empty from the stomach faster?
Liquids
30
Does gastric emptying occur in proportion to volume?
Yes - large volume increases motility
31
Does hyper-, hypo-, or isotonic components empty from the stomach faster?
Isotonic (osmoreceptors in duodenum inhibit emptying)
32
Does protein, glucose, or fats empty from the stomach the fastest?
Glucose (glucose > protein > fats)
33
Does fats, glucose, or protein empty from the stomach the slowest?
Fats (glucose > protein > fats)
34
Of the following hormones, this is the only that stimulates gastric emptying; the others inhibit: CCK, secretin, gastrin, PYY, GIP
Gastrin
35
The enterogastric reflex is stimulated by this
Acid results in inhibition of gastric emptying
36
What effect does the enterogastric reflex have on gastric emptying?
Inhibits
37
This symptom that can occur with vomiting is due to reverse peristalsis
Nausea
38
This symptom that can occur with vomiting is due to secondary peristalsis
Retching
39
Is vomiting solely due to reverse peristalsis?
No Pressure gradient is not sufficient - need contraction of abdominal muscles
40
These 5 cranial nerves are involved in the vomiting reflex
V, VII, IX, X, XII
41
The migrating motor complex is cycles of intense contractions of stomach and small intestine during this
Fasting
42
This is cycles of intense contractions of stomach and small intestine during fasting (1.5-3 hours)
Migrating motor complex
43
The action of this moves “debris” from stomach/small intestine through ileocecal valve and into colon
Migrating motor complex
44
This phase of the Migrating motor complex is the quiescent period
Phase I
45
This phase of the Migrating motor complex is increasing action potential frequency; increase in peristalsis
Phase II
46
This phase of the Migrating motor complex is peak time (minutes) of intense contraction
Phase III
47
The Migrating motor complex is controlled by the release of this compound
Motilin (which is activated by erythromycin)
48
This compound activates the Migrating motor complex
Motilin
49
Motilin is activated by this compound
Erythromycin (Side effect of erythromycin: stimulates retrograde movement in the small intestine, resulting in nausea)
50
The action of this may explain the “growling” of the stomach/intestine during times of fasting
Migrating motor complex
51
Does feeding stimulate or inhibit the Migrating motor complex?
Inhibits (is stimulated during fasting)
52
Neck cells of the tubular gland secrete this
Mucus
53
G cells are located in glands in this part of the stomach
Antrum
54
D cells are located in this part of the stomach
Antrum
55
G cells secrete this hormone
Gastrin
56
D cells secrete this hormone
Somatostatin (which inhibits the secretion of gastrin)
57
These are also called Oxyntic cells
Parietal cells
58
Parietal cells are located in these regions of the stomach
Cardia, fundus, and corpus
59
Parietal cells secrete these two compounds
HCl and intrinsic factor
60
Chief cells are located in these regions of the stomach
Cardia, fundus, corpus
61
Chief cells secrete this hormone
Pepsinogen
62
Do surface mucosal cells secrete an acidic or alkaline solution?
Alkaline (bicarbonate)
63
Pyloric glands consist of these two secretory cells
G and D cells
64
Oxyntic glands consist of these two secretory cells
Oxyntic / parietal cells, Chief (peptic) cells
65
This part of the stomach has mucus secreting mucosa
Antrum
66
This part of the stomach has acid (oxyntic) secreting mucosa
Corpus
67
This component of gastric secretions converts pepsinogen to pepsin, kills bacteria, and denatures protein
HCl
68
This component of gastric secretions is converted to pepsin (HCl) to partially digest proteins
Pepsinogen
69
This component of gastric secretions buffers acid
Bicarbonate
70
This component of gastric secretions is involved in absorption of vitamin B12
Intrinsic factor
71
This component of gastric secretions dissolves and dilutes ingested foods
Water
72
What is the rate limiting step in gastric acid secretion?
The ability of CO2 to cross the membrane
73
This component of gastric acid is actively pumped into the lumen of the canaliculus in exchange for potassium
Hydrogen ion (H-K ATPase; proton pump)
74
During gastric acid secretion, hydrogen ion is is actively pumped into the lumen of the canaliculus in exchange for this
Potassium (H-K ATPase; proton pump)
75
Achlorhydria is due to loss of these cells
Parietal cells (so lose HCl production; pepsinogen is not converted to pepsin)
76
What causes Pernicious anemia in Achlorhydria?
Loss of parietal cells leads to loss of intrinsic factor, so no protection of Vitamin B12
77
This compound inhibits gastrin release and actions of histamine Turns off acid secretion
Somatostatin
78
These compounds suppress histamine-induced increase in cAMP Turn off gastric acid secretion
Prostanoids
79
This compound has mild effects on turning off acid secretion Stimulates bicarbonate from pancreas/liver
Secretin
80
Basal period of gastric secretion is due to small basal release of this
Gastrin (G-34 form)
81
This phase of gastric secretion is triggered by thought, smell, or taste Some Ach and gastrin activity; may produce a small increase in gastric motility
Cephalic
82
This phase of gastric secretion is due to distention (irritation) of stomach Presence of proteins (luminal contents)
Gastric
83
This phase of gastric secretion is due to food in the duodenum Involves gastrin Overwhelmed by inhibitory pathways (CCK, GIP, secretin) Accounts for less than 5% of secretions
Intestinal
84
What are the four phases of gastric secretion?
Basal Cephalic Gastric Intestinal
85
Gastroparesis is delayed gastric emptying, due to damage of this or its innervation
Gastric smooth muscle
86
Gastroparesis should be treated with this type of drug
Prokinetic drugs Erythromycin, Metoclopramide, Neostigmine
87
Erythromycin can be used to treat gastroparesis since it stimulates this
Motilin
88
Metoclopramide can be used to treat gastroparesis since it since it is an antagonist of this
Dopamine (b/c dopamine blocks cholinergic activity)
89
Neostigmine and edrophonium can be used to treat gastroparesis since they are this type of drug
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
90
Bethanechol can be used to treat gastroparesis since it is this type of agonist
Cholinergic agonist
91
Relamorelin can be used to treat gastroparesis since it is an agonist of this
Ghrelin
92
Prostaglandins typically inhibit the pathway of this hormone, which stimulates acid production
Histamine
93
NSAIDs inhibit synthesis of this, which can then increase gastric acid production
Prostaglandin
94
Does acetaminophen increase gastric acid production?
No
95
Does ibuprofen increase gastric acid production?
Yes (inhibits prostaglandin synthesis)

GI - Week 1 (11 decks)

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