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#‼️BIOCHEMISTRY - PLE TOPNOTCH 2020 > GENETICS > Flashcards

GENETICS Flashcards

1
Q

DNA TO RNA

A

Transcription

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2
Q

RNA to DNA

A

Reverse Transcription

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3
Q

RNA to Proteins

A

Translation

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4
Q

Histones have a high content of what AA.

A

arginine and lysine

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5
Q

The process of disrupting the double helix is called

A

denaturation

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6
Q

Thymine = Adenine has how many Hydrgen bonds?

A

2

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7
Q

Cytosine = Guanine has how many hydrogen bonds

A

3 (stronger)

*Note that there are three hydrogen bonds between GC and just two

hydrogen bonds between AT. Thus, DNA strands with a greater

proportion of GC nucleotide pairs will be more difficult to separate.

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8
Q

Copies genetic information from DNA and serves as the template for protein synthesis

A

MESSENGER RNA (mRNA)

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9
Q

Prokaryotes have _______ subunits, made up of 3 types of rRNA: 16S, 23S, and 5S

A

50S and 30S

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10
Q

Differentiate DNA and RNA

A
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11
Q

MESSENGER RNA (mRNA) structure

A
  • In eukaryotes
    • Methylguanosine cap at the 5’-end
    • Poly(A) tail at the 3’-end
  • The primary transcript undergoes splicing prior to protein synthesis
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12
Q

Contribute to the formation and function of ribosomes, which act as the site for protein synthesis

A

RIBOSOMAL RNA (rRNA)

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13
Q

Eukaryotes have ______ subunitis, made up of four types of cytosolic rRNA: 18S, 28S, 5S, 5.8 S

A

60S and 40S

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14
Q

Adapter molecules that translate the nucleotide sequence of mRNA into specific amino acids

A

TRANSFER RNA (tRNA)

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15
Q

DNA REPLICATION occurs during what phase of the cell cycle?

A

S phase

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16
Q

The origin of replication (ori) is recognized by a group of proteins called ____

A

origin recognition complex (ORC)

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17
Q

___unwinds the double helix, in a process that is driven by ATP

A

Helicase

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18
Q

maintain the separation of the parent strands

A

Single-stranded DNA-binding proteins

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19
Q

relieve torsional strain that results from helicase-induced unwinding

A

Topoisomerases

o Type I (Swivelase)

o Type II (Gyrase), inhibited by fluoroquinolones

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20
Q

synthesizes short segments of complementary RNA primers

A

Primase

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21
Q

elongates the DNA strand by adding new deoxyribonucleotides

A

DNA polymerase III

  • Synthesis proceeds in the 5’ to 3’ direction only
  • Leading strand is synthesized continuously
  • Lagging strand consists of Okazaki fragments
  • Mismatched nucleotides are removed using the enzyme’s 3’→5’ exonuclease (proofreading)
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22
Q

When another primer is reached, _____ removes the ribonucleotides using its 5’→3’ exonuclease

A

DNA polymerase I

*fills the gap with deoxyribonucleotides

23
Q

seals the nick by catalyzing the formation of the last phosphodiester (joins 2 nucleotides) bond, requiring hydrolysis of ATP

A

DNA ligase

24
Q

DNA Lesion: Mismatched Strand

A
25
Q

DNA lesion: Pyrimidine dimers (Usually thymine)

A
26
Q

DNA Lesion: Base alterations (e.g., cytosine to uracil, or guanine to xanthine)

A
27
Q

DNA Lesion: DOuble strand breaks

A
28
Q

inhibits topoisomerase

A

Etoposide

29
Q

Enzyme for Transcription (DNA to RNA)

A

Enzyme: DNA-dependent RNA polymerase

  • No primer needed, no proofreading activity
  • In eukaryotes, the polymerases synthesize specific RNA molecules:
30
Q

o ______are DNA sequences that stimulate transcription rate

o _______ inhibit transcription

A

Enhancers

Silencers

31
Q

What are the 3 stop codons that terminate translation

A

(UAG, UAA, UGA)

32
Q

Start or initiating codon in eukaryotes

A

(AUG) methionine

33
Q

Start or initiating codon in prokaryotes

A

formylmethionine

34
Q
  • The poisonous mushroom Amanita phalloides (“death cap”) contains the peptide toxin α-amanitin which inbitits the RNA polymerase II
  • Presents with gastrointestinal symptoms, acute liver failurea, and may be fatal
A

AMANITA MUSHROOM POISONING

35
Q

o Inactivates the eukaryotic elongation factor EF-2, preventing translocation

A

Exotoxin of Corynebacterium diphtheriae

36
Q

• Binds to the β subunit of bacterial DNAdependent RNA polymerase

A

Rifampicin

37
Q

Binds to the DNA template and interferes with the movement of RNA polymerase during transcription

A

Dactinomycin

38
Q

Bind to the 30S subunit and interferes with initiation

A

aminoglycosides and streptomycin

39
Q

Prevents binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the A site

A

Tetracycline

40
Q

Inhibits peptidyltransferase prokaryotic

A

Chloramphenicol

41
Q

Inhibits eukaryotic peptidyltransferase

A

Cycloheximide

42
Q

purine to purine or pyrimidine to pyrimidine

A

Transition

43
Q

purine to pyrimidine or pyrimidine to purine

A

Transversion

44
Q
  • New codon codes for same amino acid
  • No effect on protein
A

Silent Mutation

45
Q
  • New codon codes for different amino acid (conservative if new amino acid is similar in chemical structure)
  • Variable effects on protein
A

Missense Mutation

46
Q
  • New codon is a stop codon
  • Shorter than normal, usually non-functional protein
A

Nonsense Mutation

47
Q
  • Deletion or addition of bases that should not be multiples of three
  • Shorter than normal, usually non-functional protein
A

FRAME SHIFT MUTATION

48
Q
  • Loss of large areas of chromosomes during unequal crossover in meiosis
  • Loss of function
  • Protein shorter than normal or entirely missing
A

LARGE SEGMENT DELETION

49
Q
  • Splice site is lost
  • Variable effects ranging from addition or deletion of a few amino acids to deletion of an entire exon
  • Examples: Tay-Sachs, Gaucher, β-thalassemia
A

SPLICE DONOR OR ACCEPTOR

50
Q
  • Expansions in coding regions cause protein product to be longer than normal and unstable
  • Diseases often show anticipation in pedigree
A

TRIPLE REPEAT EXPANSION

51
Q

CAG repeats

A

Huntington Disease

52
Q

CGG repeats

A

Fragile X Syndrome

53
Q

CTG repeats

A

Myotonic Dystrophy

#‼️BIOCHEMISTRY - PLE TOPNOTCH 2020 (13 decks)

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