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GI (Y1) > GI Anatomy 2 - Week 1 > Flashcards

GI Anatomy 2 - Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The abdominal organs can be split into three groups which are…

A

Foregut, midgut and hindgut

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2
Q

Which organs make up the foregut?

A

Oesophagus to mid-duodenum
Liver + gall bladder
Spleen
½ of pancreas

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3
Q

Which organs make up the midgut?

A

Mid-duodenum to proximal 2/3rds of Transverse colon

½ of pancreas

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4
Q

Which organs make up the hindgut?

A

Distal 1/3rd of Transverse colon to Proximal ½ of Anal canal

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5
Q

What are the 9 regions of abdominal organs?

A

R/L Hypochondrium, Epigastric, umbillical, pubic, R/L lumbar, R/L inguinal

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6
Q

Which lines divide the abdomen into the 9 regions?

A

Mid-clavicular lines, subcostal line and transtubecular line

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7
Q

What is the purpose of the anterolateral abdominal wall?

A

Contract to guard against damage to organs

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8
Q

Describe the anterolateral wall muscles.

A

Laterally, muscles run superficially from external oblique, internal oblique to transversus abdominus. Medially, aponeuroses are formed and the rectus abdominus muscles sit between the external oblique aponeurosis and the internal oblique aponeurosis.

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9
Q

‘Guarding’ of the anterolateral wall muscles may occur in…

A

Peritonitis

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10
Q

What is meant by the peritoneal cavity?

A

between the visceral and parietal layers of the peritoneum

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11
Q

What is contained within the peritoneal cavity and why?

A

Peritoneal fluid as the gut moves a lot

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12
Q

Inflammation of the peritoneum is called…

A

Peritonitis

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13
Q

What may the cause of peritonitis be?

A

Blood, pus, or faeces in the peritoneal cavity

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14
Q

What is meant by the term ‘intraperitoneal organs’?

A

Almost completely covered in visceral peritoneum

Minimally mobile

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15
Q

What is meant by the term ‘intraperitoneal organs with mesentery’?

A

Covered in visceral peritoneum

Visceral peritoneum wraps behind the organ to form a double layer – mesentery.

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16
Q

What is the purpose of mesentery?

A

Suspends abdominal organs from the posterior body wall - allows them to be very mobile.

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17
Q

What is meant by a ‘retroperitoneal organ’?

A

Only has visceral peritoneum on its anterior surface

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18
Q

Give an example of an intraperitoneal organ with mesentery.

A

Small intestine

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19
Q

Name all 6 intraperitoneal abdominal organs.

A

Liver, gall bladder, stomach, spleen, small intestine, transverse colon

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20
Q

Name all 5 retroperitoneal abdominal organs.

A

Kidneys, adrenal gland, pancreas, ascending colon, descending colon

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21
Q

What are the 3 types of peritoneal formations?

A

Omentum, Mesentery and Peritoneal ligaments

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22
Q

What is the greater omentum?

A

Double layer of peritoneum that overlays abdominal organs – moves with GI tract like a policeman, covering areas of inflammation.

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23
Q

What is the lesser omentum?

A

attaches lesser curvature of the Stomach & duodenum to the liver

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24
Q

What are the two ligaments in the lesser omentum called?

A

Hepatoduodenal and hepatogastric ligaments

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25
Q

Name 2 peritoneal ligaments.

A

Falciform ligament and round ligament

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26
Q

Where does the falciform ligament lie?

A

Between the two lobes of the liver

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27
Q

Where does the round ligament lie?

A

Inferior to the falciform ligament & liver

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28
Q

What are the 3 types of Mesentery?

A

‘The Mesentery proper’ – of small intestine
Transverse and sigmoid mesocolon
Mesoappendix

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29
Q

How many layers does the greater omentum have?

A

4

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30
Q

How many layers does the lesser omentum have?

A

2

31
Q

Which structures does the greater omentum attach?

A

the greater curvature of stomach to transverse colon

32
Q

The omenta divide the peritoneal cavity into…

A

a greater sac and a lesser sac

33
Q

Where is the lesser sac located?

A

Posterior to the lesser omentum

34
Q

How do the greater and lesser sac communicate with one another?

A

Through the the OMENTAL FORAMEN (foramen of Winslow)

35
Q

Which important structure lies in the free edge of the lesser omentum?

A

Portal triad

36
Q

Which structures are contained within the portal triad?

A

Hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein and bile duct

37
Q

Which pouch is formed by the inferior aspect the peritoneum in males?

A

Rectovesical pouch

38
Q

Which pouches are formed by the inferior aspect the peritoneum in females?

A

Vesico-uterine pouch and Recto-uterine pouch

39
Q

The Recto-uterine pouch is also known as the…

A

Pouch of Douglas

40
Q

What is meant by ‘ascites’?

A

Collection of fluid in the peritoneal cavity

41
Q

Give 2 common causes of ascites.

A

Cirrhosis

Portal hypertension

42
Q

Ascitic fluid can be drained from the peritoneal cavity by a procedure called…

A

Paracentesis/ Abdominocentesis

43
Q

During paracentesis, the needle must be placed…

A

lateral to the rectus sheath

44
Q

Why must the needle be placed lateral to the rectus sheath during paracentesis?

A

To avoid the inferior epigastric artery

45
Q

Inferior epigastric arises from the…

A

the external iliac medial to the deep inguinal ring

46
Q

How is visceral pain likely to be felt?

A

Dull & achy

47
Q

How is somatic pain typically felt?

A

sharp and stabbing

48
Q

Pain that comes and goes may be called…

A

Colicky pain

49
Q

What is meant by colicky pain?

A

Pain that comes and goes

50
Q

How do sympathetic nerve fibres get from the CNS to the abdominal organs?

A

Leave the spinal cord between levels T5 and L2
Enter the sympathetic chains (bilaterally) but do not synapse
Leave the sympathetic chains within abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves
Synapse at prevertebral ganglia which are located anterior to the aorta at the exit points of the major branches of the abdominal aorta
They take part in “periarterial plexuses” with other nerve fibres (parasympathetic and visceral afferent)
As they “hitch a ride” with the arteries, and their branches, towards (or away from if sensory) the smooth muscle and glands of the organs

51
Q

How does sympathetic innervation to the adrenal gland differ?

A

Sympathetic nerve fibres for the adrenal gland leave the spinal cord (T10-L1)
Enter the abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves
DO NOT synapse at prevertebral ganglia
Are carried with periarterial plexuses to the adrenal gland
Synapse directly onto cells

52
Q

How do parasympathetic nerve fibres get from the CNS to the abdominal organs of the foregut?

A

presynaptic parasympathetic nerve fibres enter abdominal cavity on surface of the oesophagus (“vagal trunks”)
travel into the periarterial plexuses around the abdominal aorta
carried to the walls of the organs where they synapse in ganglia

53
Q

How do parasympathetic nerve fibres get from the CNS to the abdominal organs of the midgut?

A

Travel via Pelvic Splanchnic Nerves (S2,3,4)

54
Q

Pain from the foregut tends to be felt in which region?

A

Epigastric

55
Q

Pain from the midgut tends to be felt in which region?

A

Umbillical region

56
Q

Pain from the hindgut tends to be felt in which region?

A

Pubic region

57
Q

Foregut structures enter the spinal cord at approx…

A

T6-T9

58
Q

Midgut structures enter the spinal cord at approx…

A

T8-T12

59
Q

Hindgut structures enter the spinal cord at approx…

A

T10-L2

60
Q

Pain from liver/gallbladder disease may refer to…

A

the right shoulder

61
Q

Why may pain from the liver/gallbladder refer to the right shoulder?

A

If it pushes on the diaphragm, innervated by phrenic nerve from C3,4,5 - supraclavicular nerve comes from C3 & 4

62
Q

The thoracabdominal nerves come from…

A

7th-11th Intercostal nerves

63
Q

The 7th-11th Intercostal nerves become…

A

The thoracoabdominal nerves

64
Q

Where do the thoracoabdominal nerves lie?

A

between the internal oblique and transversus abdominis

65
Q

From which level does the subcostal nerve come from?

A

T12 anterior ramus

66
Q

From which level does the Iliohypogastric nerve arise?

A

half of L1 anterior ramus

67
Q

From which level does the Ilioinguinal nerve arise?

A

other half of L1 anterior ramus

68
Q

Which nerves supply the body wall?

A

The thoracoabdominal nerves, subcostal nerve, Iliohypogastric nerve and Ilioinguinal nerve

69
Q

Explain the pain presentation for appendicitis and why this is the case.

A

Starts in the umbillical region as visceral afferents from the appendix enter at T8-10 then as the inflammation travels through the visceral and parietal peritoneum, pain shifts to the right iliac fossa (inguinal region).

70
Q

Where is the appendix found?

A

Right inguinal region (iliac fossa) - after ileocaecal valve

71
Q

Where is the sigmoid colon found?

A

Before the rectum

72
Q

What are the two flexures of the colon?

A

Hepatic and splenic

73
Q

The recess above the liver is called…

A

Subphrenic recess

74
Q

The recess below the liver is called…

A

Hepatorenal recess

GI (Y1) (79 decks)

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