GI - Oral pt 1

Question 1

What species are obligate nasal breathers? Why?

Answer 1

Horses, rodents, rabbits
Location of the soft palate relative to the epiglottis

Question 2

What pathologic condition, seen in race horses, is associated with the anatomy that makes horses obligate nasal breathers?

Answer 2

DDSP (dorsal displacement of soft palate)

Question 3

What unique feature do pigs have in their oral cavities?

Answer 3

Pharyngeal diverticulum

Question 4

Label the arrow and the circle

Answer 4

Arrow: glottis
Circle: choana

Question 5

What are the 2 teeth types we need to know and what do they mean?

Answer 5

Brachydont: low crowned = enamel restricted to crown
Hypsodont: high crowned = enamel extends down the root and invaginates into the dentin –> forms infundibula

Question 6

Why do hypsodont teeth in particular require frequent vet attention?

Answer 6

Because they continuously grow throughout life, so they often present problems for the animals

Question 7

Where do teeth sit in the gums and how do they stay there?

Answer 7

bony sockets called alveoli, held in place by the periodontal ligament

Question 8

where are the blood supply and nerves in teeth?

Answer 8

pulp cavity

Question 9

What are deciduous teeth?

Answer 9

baby teeth, milk teeth (replaced by permanent adult teeth as the animal grows)

Question 10

What are cheek teeth?

Answer 10

premolars and molar of horses and ruminants, grouped together like this because they are similar in form and function

Question 11

What are carnassial teeth?

Answer 11

Upper 4th premolar and lower 1st molar of carnivores
specialized for shearing

Question 12

What are wolf teeth?

Answer 12

1st premolar in horses, usually only erupt on maxilla, if they erupt at all

Question 13

In horses, the upper arcade is wider than the lower arcade. What does this lead to?

Answer 13

sharp points on upper buccal surface, and lower lingual surface

Question 14

Why do infections in cheek teeth in horses often include infection of the maxillary sinuses?

Answer 14

Because the roots of the cheek teeth are really close to the maxillary sinuses.

Question 15

What are the 4 salivary glands that we need to know and their approx. location? (not described in anatomical terms lol)

Answer 15

Parotid: just below ear, behind cheek
Mandibular: under the parotid gland, near the maxilla
Sublingual: underneath the tongue
Zygomatic: at/around the region of the zygomatic bone

Question 16

What is cheiloschisis? is it an acquired or congenital abnormality?

Answer 16

cleft lip
congenital

Question 17

What is palatoschisis? Is it an acquired or congenital abnormality?

Answer 17

cleft palate
congenital

Question 18

What is the difference between palatoschisis and cheiloschisis?

Answer 18

Palatoschisis is cleft palate and cheiloschisis is cleft lip

Question 19

Animals with either palatoschisis or cheiloschisis usually present with what 2 sequelae?

Answer 19

Aspiration pneumonia
trouble suckling +/- milk coming out of nose (because they can’t make a good seal)

Question 20

What is brachygnathia (general)? Is it an acquired or congenital abnormality?

Answer 20

shortening of the jaw
congenital

Question 21

What is prognathia? Is it an acquired or congenital abnormality?

Answer 21

elongation of the jaw
congenital

Question 22

What are the types of brachygnathia and what do they mean?

Answer 22

Brachygnathia inferior = shortening of the mandible
Brachygnathia superior = shortening of the maxillae

Question 23

What type of dog is brachygnathia superior seen in?

Answer 23

brachycephalic dog breeds

Question 24

What are 4 reasons why congenital abnormalities occur?

Answer 24

Hereditary
drugs
toxic plants
infectious

Question 25

What is epitheliogenesis imperfecta? Where in the oral cavity is this seen most?

Answer 25

hereditary anomaly leading to large defects in the skin (improper formation of epidermis/epithelium) seen most in tongue

Question 26

How is epitheliogenesis imperfecta inherited? How can you tell it's this abnormality instead of something else?

Answer 26

autosomal recessive trait in cattle, horses, pigs there are sharp edges, abrupt defects in the epithelium, bilaterally recessive (no inflammation

Question 27

Define the following terms: Stomatitis Cheilitis Pharyngitis Glossitis Gingivitis Tonsilitis

Answer 27

Stomatitis: inflammation of the oral cavity Cheilitis: inflammation of the lips Pharyngitis: inflammation of the pharynx Glossitis: inflammation of the tongue Gingivitis: inflammation of the gums Tonsilitis: inflammation of the tonsils

Question 28

What are Feline Odontoclastic Resorptive Lesions (FORLs)? What is the cause?

Answer 28

Basically the cat equivalent of cavities, often start at the sub gingival neck or upper root of cheek teeth cause = idiopathic

Question 29

With Feline Odontoclastic Resorptive Lesions (FORLs), are you more likely to see them in a young or old cat? Are they painful?

Answer 29

old yes painful

Question 30

What are the lesions in the circles? This is a 12 y/o cat with no other pathologies

Answer 30

Feline Odontoclastic Resorptive Lesions (FORLs)

Question 31

What is Equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis? (EOTRH) What does it target? What would you see to give you this diagnosis?

Answer 31

painful and progressive lesion of older horses, combination of cement hyperplasia and lysis targets canines and incisors Diagnosis: bulbous enlargement of intra-alveolar part of teeth

Question 32

What is odontogenic dysplasia? What species do you see this in? What does it result in? How do you diagnose it?

Answer 32

Dysplastic growth of molar teeth Seen in rodents Results in malocclusion, hyper salivation, emaciation Diagnosis: palpate nodular hard swellings along ventral mandible or along dorsal surface of maxilla

Question 33

This is a rodent skull. What are these hard swellings?

Answer 33

odontogenic dysplasia

Question 34

What is Chronic Ulcerative Paradental Stomatitis (CUPS)? What is its other name? What is the typical signalment for CUPS?

Answer 34

Hypersensitivity reaction to gram (-) bacteria associated with periodontal disease AKA kissing ulcers Signalment: middle aged white breed dogs

Question 35

What are the gross lesions of chronic ulcerative paradental stomatitis (CUPS)? Which teeth are most significantly affected?

Answer 35

gross lesions: buccal ulceration in areas of contact b/t mucosal and teeth affected by gingivitis, plaque, and calculus maxillary canine and carnassial teeth usually most affected

Question 36

You're looking at the dorsal surface of the mouth of a small white breed dog. What are the lesions circled?

Answer 36

Chronic Ulcerative Paradental Stomatitis (CUPS)

Question 37

What are the gross lesions in calf diphtheria/oral necrobacillosis?

Answer 37

yellow-grey, well-demarcated necrosis with a hyperaemic (red) rim often a dry appearance

Question 38

This is the tongue of a young calf. What are the lesions?

Answer 38

Oral necrobacillosis/calf diphtheria

Question 39

What is oral necrobacillosis/calf diphtheria caused by?

Answer 39

Fusobacterium necrophorum secondary invader secondary to mucosal damage

Question 40

Calf diphtheria/oral necrobacillosis can be fatal if it goes systemic. What age group is systemic disease more common in?

Answer 40

Young

Question 41

What is the histologic lesion seen with oral necrobacillosis/calf diphtheria (that we need to know?)

Answer 41

bacteria arranged into long filaments

Question 42

What is wooden tongue/actinobacillosis caused by?

Answer 42

Actinobacillus lignieresii (gram -) part of normal oral flora, trauma allows penetration of bacteria

Question 43

What is lumpy jaw caused by?

Answer 43

Actinomyces bovis

Question 44

How can you tell lumpy jaw and wooden tongue apart?

Answer 44

have to culture the bacteria

Question 45

What are the gross lesions of wooden tongue/actinobacillosis? What animals does this abnormality affect?

Answer 45

tongue becomes swollen and hard, may extend to other parts of the oral cavity and lymph nodes. can also see sulfur granules affects cattle, sheep, pigs, wild ruminants

Question 46

What histo lesion do we need to know for wooden tongue/actinobacillosis?

Answer 46

Splendore-Hoeppli [sulfur granules is the gross feature]

Question 47

This is the tongue of a cow. What is the lesion?

Answer 47

sulfur granules seen with wooden tongue/actinobacillosis

Question 48

What is oral candidiasis/thrush caused by? What species are affected?

Answer 48

Candida albicans Can happen in any species, but mostly foals, pigs, dogs, birds, more often young animals than old. seen with changes in diet (like weaning)

Question 49

What are the gross features of thrush/oral candidiasis?

Answer 49

pale yellow to grey pseudomembrane overlying oral mucosa, esp. at the back of the tongue

Question 50

This is the tongue of a dog. What is the lesion?

Answer 50

Oral candidiasis AKA thrush

Question 51

What is the histo feature we have to know for thrush/oral candidiasis?

Answer 51

proliferation of yeast and hyphae within keratinized layer

Question 52

Where can oral candidiasis/thrush be located?

Answer 52

anywhere in the keratinized portion of the GIT

Question 53

What are the 3 common bacterial/fungal diseases of the oral cavity that we have to know for birds?

Answer 53

Candidiasis, Trichomoniasis, Avipox virus/wet pox

Question 54

Blunting of the choanal papillae is associated with what?

Answer 54

vitamin A deficiency