Neuro 3 Flashcards by Madeleine Gauthier

tell me what polio- , leuko-, and encephalo- prefixes mean in the brain?

Polio = grey (matter)
leuko = white (matter)
encephalopathy = brain

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if you are concerns about CNS what should you NOT DO!!!!????

DO NOT EUTHANIZE BY CAPTIVE BOLT OR GUN SHOT

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list the neural tube closure defects we have to know

anencephaly = absence of brain (usually affects only the cerebrum)
dysgraphia = abnormal seam
cranial bifidum = dorsal midline defect covered by skin

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what makes up the brain stem?

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

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cranial bifidum can have protrusion of tissues forming a sac. name the 2 conditions.

meningocele (meninges alone)
meningoencephalocele (meninges + part of brain)

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if I told you that only meninges are affected in this image, what is the lesion?

meningocele

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what is this an example of?

meningoencephalocele

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what is Lissencephaly? who is affected?

absence of normal gyro and sulci of the cerebrum
“smooth brain”
Lhasa also genetic component, also kittens and lambs

smooth brain is normal in some species like birds, rabbits, mice, rats etc —- this is NOT lissencephaly**

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what dis?

lissencephaly

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what is porencephaly? what is hydraencephaly?

P: small cavity
H: large cavities

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Porencephaly is suspected to be caused by what? give 2 examples.

viral damage
BVDV, blue tongue

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When you have congenital abnormalities in the CNS, what viral classes should you think of?

parvoviruses (canine parvo & feline pan leukopenia)
pestiviruses (BVDV, classical swine fever)

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Cerebellar hypoplasia occurs most commonly secondary to in utero infection with what?

parvoviruses (canine parvo & feline pan leukopenia)
pestiviruses (BVDV, classical swine fever)

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Parvoviruses and pestiviruses target what?

rapidly dividing cells

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what is this an example of?

cerebellar hypoplasia

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what is the most common CNS congenital anomaly?

Hydrocephalus

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what is hydrocephalus?

abnormal accumulation of CSF within the cranium

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what are the 3 big types of hydrocephalus?

congenital hydrocephalus
acquired hydrocephalus
hydrocephalus ex vacuo

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Congenital hydrocephalus can occur secondary to _____, and there’s a genetic predisposition in ______ breeds?

secondary to in utero viral infection
toy and brachycephalic breeds

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Acquired hydrocephalus occurs secondary to _____.

acquired obstruction of CSF flow

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What is hydrocephalus ex vacuo?

CSF replaces lost neural tissue, not related to CSF obstruction
aging change

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what dietary deficiency can lead to congenital and neonatal hydrocephalus?

vitamin A deficiency

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what site in the ventricular system is most vulnerable to obstruction ?

mesencephalic aqueduct

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what are the gross findings of hydrocephalus?

*if hydrocephalus occurs before cranium is done developing = enlarged domed skull with prominent fontanelles

ventricular enlargement proximal to obstruction, loss of overlying white matter, flattening of gyri

*atrophy and loss of inter ventricular septum pellucidum

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this calf prolly has what?

hydrocephalus

what is this an example of?

hydrocephalus

what is occipital dysplasia? common in what breeds?

an underdeveloped occipital bone --> dorsoventrally enlarged "keyhole" shaped foramen magnum toy breed dogs

what dis?

occipital dysplasia

Listeriosis is caused by what species of bacteria? tell me some characteristics of it

Listeria monocytogenes facultative intracellular, gram +, motile common in small ruminants zoonotic

Listeriosis has what disease presentations?

meningoencephalitis abortion/stillbirth septicemia

tell me the pathogenesis of listeriosis. include information on the portal of entry!

1. consumption of improperly prepared silage (high pH) that contains high #s of bacteria 2. trauma to oral mucosa --> bacterial invasion 3. migration of bacteria to trigeminal ganglia and then to brainstem via retrograde axonal transport

in listeriosis, most of the damage to the brain is from what?

inflammation

circling is a clinical signs of _____.

Listeriosis

in listeriosis, gross lesions are usually absent. what histo lesion do we need to know for this?

micro abscesses

Thrombotic meningoencephalitis (TME) is caused by what species? tell me some facts about it

Histophilus somni gram - common in feedlot cattle resp tract and GI of healthy animals

what are the gross lesions of thrombotic meningoencephalitis and where are they seen?

irregular areas of hemorrhage and necrosis cerebrum at the grey-white matter junction

what histo lesions do we need to know with thrombotic meningoencephalitis?

vasculitis and vascular necrosis leading to thrombosis and infarction

Pituitary abscesses are associated with what bacteria? common in what species?

a variety of opportunistic bacteria ruminants

what is this an example of?

pituitary abscess

what are the other names for Enterotoxemia of sheep and goatS?

Focal symmetric encephalomalacia pulpy kidney disease, over-eating disease

Enterotoxemia of sheep and goats/focal symmetric encephalomalacia is caused by what species?

Clostridium perfringens type D

describe the pathogenesis of enterotoxemia of sheep and goats aka focal symmetric encephalomalacia

1. change in intestinal environment 2. proliferation of C. perfringens and production of Epsilon toxin 3. toxin damages endothelial cells, spread through blood

what are the gross findings of focal symmetrical encephalomalacia? aka enterotoxemia of sheep and goats that we need to know lol

focal symmetric encephalomalacia (dark hemorrhagic foci in corpus striatum, thalamus, midbrain, cerebellar peduncles and white matter)

these are examples of hwat

focal symmetric encephalomalacia

Edema disease of pigs is also called what?

enterotoxemia colibacillosis

what is edema disease of pigs caused by?

E. coli that produce an antitoxin called SLT-Ile (Shira-like toxin Ile) EHEC / STEC

what is the pathogenesis of edema disease of pigs?

1. bacteria proliferation and produce vascular toxin 2. vascular damage 2. infarction and malacia in CNS

edema disease of pigs targets who?

"best of the herd" rapidly growing, healthy feeder pigs on a high E diet

tell me about hte histo of edema diseaes of pigs

vascular necrosis of smooth mm of small arteries and veins bilaterally symmetric areas of malaria in caudal medulla

these are examples of what?

edema disease in pigs

fungal diseases in the CNS are usually ____ and often secondary to _____.

sporadic, immunoosuppresion

Cryptococcosis is caused by what? affects who?

Cryptococcus neoformans >>> C. gattii cats > dogs > horses

what are the 2 main routes of entry for cryptococcosis?

direct extension from nasal/sinus infection hematogenous from pulmonary infection & leukocyte trafficking

what are the gross lesions of Cryptococcosis ?

cystic gelatinous lesions "cryptococcomas"

what dis

Cryptococcosis

cryptococcosis histo lesions?

inflammation can be quit mild yeast surrounded by a wide clear non-staining capsule and show a narrow based budding

how can you differentiate b/t C. gattii and C. neoformans?

gattii has no immunosuppression association, and neoformans does

what are the two protozoal parasites that we have to know that cause abortion in ruminants?

Toxoplasma gondii & Neospora caninum

what do Toxoplasma and Neospora cause?

non-suppurative encephalomyelitis polyradiculoneuritis also abortion in ruminants

Nervous coccidiosis of calves is caused by what?

Coccidia infection (Eimeria spp, Isospora spp)

Nervous coccidiosis of calves affects what signalment? what major clinical sign?

1 month to 1 yr diarrhea

what is the pathogenesis of nervous coccidiosis of calves?

not established

what do nematodes to do CNS? in broad terms

cerebrospinal nematodiasis

what is the major nematode what we have to know? what is the main host species? is this zoonotic

Baylisascaris procyonis racoons yes zoonotic

what are the gross lesions of nematode in da brain? wha about histo lesions'>

serpentine tracts of necrosis from larval migration eosinophilic enphalitis with larvae

how does one get infected with B. procyonis?

consumption of eggs in racoon faeces dogs and avian species most commonly infected

are B. procyonis eggs persistent in the enviornment

yes yes ye s

viral infections in the CNS have some consistent histo features ??

mononuclear inflammation -- nonsupprative encephalitis perivascular cuffing gliosis

Canine distemper virus infects what? transmitted by what? results in what?

lymphoid and epithelial tissues (macrophages) aerosol results in: immunosuppression and secondary infections

canine distemper virus often presents with ...

rhinitis, conjunctivitis, pneumonia

how does canine distemper virus get into da brain?

leukocyte trafficking

what 3 systems does canine distemper virus target?

lung, GIT, CNS

what are hte classical clinical signs of canine distemper virus?

fever, conjunctivitis, nasal discharge 1-4 weeks later= near signs hyperkeratosis of footpads and nose enamel hypoplasia

what are the histo lesions with canine distemper virus that we have to know?

demyelination seen as white matter vacuolation intracytoplasmic and intranuclear viral inclusion bodies

what are the 3 less class presentations of canine distemper virus in broad terms?

1. multifocal distemper encephalomyelitis of mature dogs 2. post-vaccinal canine distemper 3. old dog encephalitis

what is an arbovirus?

arthropod-borne

equine encephalomyelitis is caused by several different ____. name at least 1 (the one with the star is the one you defs have to know)

arboviruses eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) western equine encephalomyelitis (WEE) Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) *West Nile virus (WNV)

arboviruses that cause equine encephalomyelitis have many similarities, including

life cycles involving Quitos and birbs cause polioencephalomyelitis -- target grey matter & neurons often no gross lesions

what are the key 3 organs for West Nile virus to infection ni birds?

brain, heart, kidney

what family of birbs is most commonly affected and considered an amplifying host?

corvids

what two big small ruminant Lentiviruses do we have to know? and who do they infect

Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) - goats Made Visna (MV) AKA ovine progressive pleuropneumonia (OPP) - sheep

what are the 4 target body systems for small ruminant lentiviruses? obvi one is the CNS. what specific lesion does it cause in the CNS?

CNS: non-suppurative leukoencephalomyelitis Lung: interstitial pneumonia joints: arthritis -- form hygromas mammary gland

what is an important differential for hygroma?

Brucella or a lentivirus

how do small ruminant lentiviruses transmit? what cells do they infect?

colostrum/milk monocytes/macrophages

how does age impact presentation of CAEV?

goat kids < 4 months = near disease ± pneumonia adult gaots = chronic arthritis ± pneumonia

small ruminant lentiviruses target what?

white matter

Neuro 3 Flashcards

(86 cards)