Neuro 4 Flashcards by Madeleine Gauthier

What are the two big small ruminant Lentiviruses that we need to know?

Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV)
Maedni Visna (MV)

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who does caprine arthritis encephalitis virus affect?

goats

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who does Maedni visna virus affect? what is the other name for the disease?

Sheep
ovine progressive pleuropneumonia

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What are the 4 body systems that small ruminant lentiviruses target?

CNS, lung, joints, mammary gland

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what do small ruminant Lentiviruses do to the CNS?

nonsuppurative leukoencephalomyelitis

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Lentiviruses form _____ in joints.

Hygromas

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what are two ddx’s for a hygroma?

Brucella, Lentivirus

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true or false: Lentivirus infection is a lifelong virus

true

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what is this?

hygroma

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Small ruminant lentiviruses:
1) how are they transmitted?
2) infect what cell type
3) what is the important signalment for CAEV that we need to know?
4) what type of tissue does it impact in CNS?

1) colostrum/milk > resp droplets
2) monocytes/macrophages
3) goat kids <4mo old –> neuro disease ± pneumonia
4) white matter (demyelinating disease)

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who is affected by rabies?

all mammals!

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what is the pathogenesis of rabies?

1) bitten/scratched by rabid animal
2) local replication in muscle or peripheral nerve
3) binds acetylcholine receptors at neuromuscular junction
4) fast retrograde axonal transport to CNS
5) antergrade axonal transport to salivary gland

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what re the 3 phases of rabies? what are the two forms and what do they mean?

phases: prodromal, excitatory, paralytic
forms:
- furious form –> excitatory predominates
- dumb form –> paralytic predominates

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what are the important gross and histo findings of rabies?

gross: none
histo: Negri bodies, can be minimal!

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Prion diseases are also known as ______.

Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE)

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what causes prion disease?

prions (infectious proteins)
abnormal folding, don’t have DNA/genome

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1) The normal version of prion proteins, ____, is coded from a highly conserved gene and is found ______.
2) the abnormal version, _____, is _____ resistant to things that would normally degrade DNA and protein.

1) PrPc, in most living things
2) PrPSc, highly

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Prions cause _______ disease.

neurodegenerative

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PrPSc has a species barrier. what does that mean?

PrPSc is slightly different in each species and doesn’t easily transmit between different species

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what are the two ways of acquiring PrPSc?

Acquired and spontaneous mutation

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what are the 3 acquired prion diseases that we need to know and how are they transmitted?

chronic wasting disease (CWD) - horizontal transmission (saliva, blood, urine, etc)
bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) - ingestion
Scrapie - ingestion and possible vertical transmission

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Prion diseases:
1) it can take ____ for enough atypical protein to accumulate to cause clinical disease.
2) is there an immune response to prion diseases? why/why not/
3) eventually ____, C/S variable but ____

1) years
2) no. body doesn’t recognize protein as foreign
3) fatal, progressive

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what are the gross and histo findings of prion diseaseS?

gross: none
histo: no inflammation, vacuolation of neutrons and neuropil

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What are the 4 causes of polioencephalomalacia?

thiamine deficiency (Vit B1)
sulfur toxicity
lead toxicity
salt toxicity/water deprivation

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in adult ruminants, thiamine is produced by _____ in _____.

bacteria, rumen

what is the important way that thiamine deficiency happens in ruminants?

disruption of rumen flora production of thiamine (ruminant acidosis, grain overload, for ex)

true or false: for polioencephalomalacia, the gross + histo lesions are the same for carnivores and herbivores.

false. they are different!

what are the gross lesions of polioencephalomalacia in herbivores?

targets deep gray matter of the cerebral cortex bilaterally symmetric yellow discolouration (can be autofluorescence)

what most likely caused this lesion? ruminant brain

polioencephalomalacia

what is the important histo lesion of polioencephalomalacia in herbivores?

laminar cortical necrosis

what are the gross lesions of polioencephalomalacia in carnivores?

bilaterally symmetric periventricular grey matter, esp in brain stem, caudal colliculi

what most likely caused this lesion? carnivore brain

polioencephalomalacia

what are the 2 ways that salt toxicity/water deprivation in pigs and poultry occurs?

1. direct - over consumption of salt 2. indirect - water deprivation followed by sudden unlimited access to water

how does salt toxicity/water deprivation cause polioencephalomalacia in pigs and poultry? like give me the pathogenesis

1. hypernatremia 2. fluid moves from brain/CSF to blood 3. Na, K, Cl move into brain 4. animals consume water 5. water moves rapidly into brain = edema

what is the important histo feature that salt tox/water deprivation polioencephalomalacia in pigs causes?

eosinophilic infiltrate within meninges and perivascular spaces

what is the cause of equine leukoencephalomalacia?

ingestion of mouldy corn

what is the etiology of equine leukoencephalomalacia?

Fusarium moniliforme --> forms toxin fumonisin B1

what are the gross findings of a horse with equine leukoencephalomalacia?

edema bilateral, but NOT SYMMETRIC!!! malacia and liquefaction of the subcortical white matter

horse brain. what is the disease?

equine leukoencephalomalacia

Nigropallidal encephalomalacia: how does it happen in horses?

horses that graze on Centaurea spp. of plants (yellow star thistle and Russian knapweed)

what is the important clinical sign of nigropallidal encephalomalacia in horses?

persistent chewing movement without feed in mouth

what are the gross findings of nigropallidal encephalomalacia? where are lesions targeted?

bilaterally symmetric, well-demarcated areas of yellow discolouration and malacia globus pallidus and substantia negra

what is the lesion?

nigropallidal encephalomalacia

Domoic acid toxicity: 1) who gets it? 2) how do they get it? 3) gross lesion? 4) clinical sign?

1) birds, marine mammals 2) marine algae (red tides) 3) hippocampal atrophy 4) seizures

brain of a bird (hippocampus). what caused this

domoic acid toxicity

what are the 3 types of canine idiopathic encephalitides?

1. granulomatous meningoencephalitis (GME) 2. Necrotizing meningoencephalitis (NME) 3. necrotizing leukoencephalitis (NLE)

what is the common signalment for granulomatous meningoencephalitis?

young-middle aged small breed dogs

what is the lesion we have to know for granulomatous meningoencephalitis?

distinct macrophage perivascular cuffs restricted to the white matter

what is the common signalment for necrotizing meningoencephalitis?

small breed dogs (ex. pug, Shih Tzu, Maltese)

what tissue type is mainly affected with necrotizing meningoencephalitis?

grey matter

what is the common signalment for necrotizing leukoencephalitis

Yorkshire terriers

what is the lesion we have to know for necrotizing leukoencephalitis?

caveatting non-suppurative areas of necrosis in white matter of cerebrum

CNS tumors are more common in ____ than other species, and ______ and ______ are predisposed

dogs, golden retrievers, brachycephalic breeds

what is the most common tumor of the CNS?

meningioma

what species are meningiomas most common in?

cats

what lesion is this? this is a cat brain

meningioma

?cat brain. lesion

meningioma

Ependymomas are common in what signalment?

brachycephalic breeds

where are ependymomas most common in? like tissue area

lateral ventricles

pug brain. what this?

ependymoma

Ependymomas can cause ____ anterior to the tumor.

hydrocephalus

choroid plexus tumors are most common in what location?

4th ventricle

what is the common signalment for choroid plexus tumors?

golden retrievers

what is the gross appearance of choroid plexus tumors?

granular to papillary growth

brain of golden retriever. what this?

Choroid plexus tumor

what are the 4 types of glioma? how are they named?

1. oligodendroglioma 2. astrocytoma 3. Gliomatosis cerebri 4. mixed named for cell of origin (except gliomatosis cerebri, it's from microglial cells but the origin is controversial)

gliomas are most common in _____, especially what breeds?

dogs Boston, Boxer, Bulldog

Boston terrier brain. what?