GI Pathology (Quiz) Flashcards
(65 cards)
1
Q
stratified squamous epithelium found in what part of the digestive tract
what color is it
A
- esophagus
- anus
- white
2
Q
simple columnar epithelium found in what part of the digestive tract
what color is it
A
- stomach
- small intestine
- large intestine
- rectum
- red/tan
3
Q
squamous carcinomas affect which layer
A
- epithelium (squamous layer)
4
Q
adenocarcinomas affect which layer
A
- epithelium (columnar and intestinal)
5
Q
what is metaplasia
A
- conversion of one normal cell type to another
6
Q
infectious and inflammatory processes affect what layer
A
- epithelial layer (mucosa)
7
Q
bleeding affects what layer
A
- submucosa
8
Q
motility disorders affect what layer
A
- muscularis externa
9
Q
squamous cell carcinoma composed of
A
- solid clusters of cancer cells
- keratin pearls
10
Q
adenocarcinoma composed of
A
- glands of cancer cells
11
Q
erosion is what type of necrosis
involves
heals by
A
- superficial
- mucosa
- regeneration
12
Q
ulcer is what type of necrosis
involves
heals by
A
- deeper necrosis
- mucosa + deeper layers
- granulation tissue and scar
13
Q
gross morphology digestive tract malignancies
A
- fungating - protrudes into lumen
- infiltiration - spreads down and out
- ulcerating - invaginations
14
Q
what is one danger with forming a scar in the GI tract
A
- contraction of scar - stricture
15
Q
esophagus is surrounded by which nerves
A
- vagus
- recurrent laryngeal
16
Q
what is another name for the hiatus of the diaphragm
A
- gastroesophageal junction
17
Q
inner muscularis propria is ______ muscle
outer muscular propria is ________ muscle
A
- circular
- longitudinal
18
Q
clinical name for heartburn
A
- pyrosis
19
Q
clinical name for painful swallowing
A
- odynophagia
20
Q
problems that cause achalasia
A
- lack of peristalsis in esophageal body
- non relaxation of LES
21
Q
what disease can mimic achalasia
A
- Chagas
22
Q
what does the barium swallow of achalasia look like
A
- bird beak
- dilated esophagus
- narrowing at distal esophagus
23
Q
treatment of achalasia
A
- botox injection
- pneumatic dilation
- esophageal myotomy
24
Q
MOA of botox injection for treatment of achalasia
A
- blocks presynaptic Ach release
25
what happens in jackhammer esophagus
- hyper contractile peristalsis
26
what happens in ineffective esophageal motility
seen in association with
- weakened peristalsis
| - reflux disease
27
scleroderma esophagus affects which portion of esophagus
- lower 2/3
28
infectious esophagitis is most common in what patient population
other predisposing conditions
- immunocompromised
- diabetes
- alcohol use
- increased age
- lots of antibiotics
29
what is the most common esophageal pathogen
- candida
30
pathogenesis of esophageal candidiasis
- normal GI growth + predisposing conditions
31
gross path of esophageal candidiasis
- superficial white plaques
32
herpetic esophagitis is due to
- HSV I
33
herpetic esophagitis affects which cells
- epithelial
34
what do you see in histopath of herpetic esophagitis
- ground glass nuclear inclusions
- margination due to chromatin pushed to edges
- multinucleate cells with nuclear molding
35
CMV effects what cells
- endothelial cells
| - fibroblasts
36
what do you see in the histopath of CMV
- nuclear inclusions
| - nuclear and cytomegaly
37
causes of chemical esophagitis in adults and children
- adults - suicide
| - children - accidental
38
between acid solutions, alkaline solutions, and alkaline solids, which are worse for ingestion
- alkaline solutions > acid solutions > alkaline solids
39
alkali solutions cause what
- liquefactive necrosis
40
acidic solutions cause what
- coagulative necrosis
41
eosinophilic esophagitis affects what in the esophagus
- intraepithelial mucosa
42
cause of eosinophilic esophagitis
- environmental allergen
43
diagnosis of eosinophilic esophagitis
- upper endoscopy and biopsy
44
what is a hiatal hernia
cause
- herniated of stomach into thorax through enlarged diaphragmatic hiatus
45
types of hiatal hernias
which is most common
- sliding - most common
| - paraesophageal
46
what can hiatal hernia lead to
- incompetent LES
| - GERD
47
reflux of gastric contents causes what problems
- chemical injury of mucosa
48
where do reflux contents enter into the esophagus
- distal esophagus
49
what do you see on histopath of GERD
- intraepithelial inflammation of PMNs and eosinophils
50
important pathophysiology of GERD
- transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations
51
clinical presentation of GERD
- erosive esophagitis
| - esophageal stricture
52
empiric therapy for GERD
who do you use this for?
- try proton pump inhibitors and see if they help
| - patients with low risk of significant complications and no alarm symptoms
53
red flags of GERD
- lots of weight loss
- recurrent vomiting
- bleeding
- anemia
- dysphagia
- jaundice
- abdominal mass
- older age at onset
54
how to diagnose GERD
- see if the PPI test worked
| - upper endoscopy
55
meds for GERD
- antacids
- H2 receptor antagonists
- proton pump inhibitors
56
surgical treatments for GERD
- Nissen fundoplication
57
what is barret's esophagus
what tissue does it turn into
- metaplasia of normal esophageal stratified squamous epithelium
- intestinal columnar epithelium
58
big risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma
- tobacco
| - alcohol
59
big risk factors for adenocarcinoma
- GERD/Barrett's esophagus
60
how does Barrett's become adenocarcinoma
- Barrett metaplasia -> dysplasia -> adenocarcinoma
| - continued reflux and injury
61
what do dysplastic cells look like
- large
- hyperchromatic - darker
- pleomorphic - different size
62
how can esophageal malignancies lead to dysphagia
- circumferential growth leads to obstruction and stenosis
63
how to diagnose esophageal cancer
- upper endoscopy
64
big symptoms of esophageal cancer
- dysphagia
| - weight loss
65
symptom of local infiltration of recurrent laryngeal nerve
- hoarseness
