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USMLE Step 1 > GI Random > Flashcards

GI Random Flashcards

1
Q

Rostral fold closure

A

sternal defects

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2
Q

Lateral fold closure

A

omphalocele, gastroschisis

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3
Q

Caudal fold closure

A

bladder exstrophy

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4
Q

Double bubble sign

A

Duodenal atresia

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5
Q

Midgut herniates through umbilical ring @ ____ week, and returns to abdomen + rotates around SMA @ _____week. with a _____degree _____turn

A

6th and 10th

270, counterclockwise turn

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6
Q

Congenital pyloric stenosis

A

Hypokalemic hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis

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7
Q

Retroperitoneal structures

A

SAD PUCKER

  • Suprarenal (adrenal) gland
  • Aorta and IVC
  • Duodenum (parts 2-4)
  • Pancreas (except tail)
  • Ureters
  • Colon (descending and ascending)
  • Kidneys
  • Esophagus (thoracic part)
  • Rectum (partially)
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8
Q

Painless jaundice

A

tumor at head of pancreas obstructing common bile duct alone

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9
Q

Falciform ligament

A

Contains ligamentum teres hepatis

- derivative of fetal umbilical vein

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10
Q

Spenorenal ligament

A

Contains splenic artery and vein, tail of pancreas

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11
Q

GI nerve plexuses

A 
Submucosal = Meissner
Myenteric = Auerbach
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12
Q

Serosa vs. adventitia

A

Intraperitoneal vs. retroperitoneal

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13
Q

basal electrical rhythm (slow waves) of GI

A

Stomach - 3 waves/min
Duodenum - 12 waves/min
Ileum - 8-9 waves/min

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14
Q

Vertebral levels of (celiac/SMA/IMA)

A

T12/L1
L1
L3

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15
Q

Blocked blood supply of stomach?

A

Poor anastomoses - short gastric

Strong anastomoses - L/R gastroepiploics, L/R gastrics

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16
Q

Common location for anal fissure

A

Below the pectinate line POSTERIORLY

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17
Q

Liver: Zone 1 (peripheral)

A
  • Affected 1st by viral hepatitis

- Ingested toxins (eg. cocaine)

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18
Q

Liver: Zone 2 (intermediate)

A
  • yellow fever
19
Q

Liver: Zone 3 (pericentral vein/centrilobular)

A
  • affected 1st by ischemia
  • contains cytochrome P-450 system
  • most sensitive to metabolic toxins
  • site of alcoholic hepatitis
20
Q

Femoral triangle contents

A

lateral to medial to find your NAVEL

  • Nerve (not in femoral sheath)
  • Artery
  • Vein
  • Empty space
  • Lymphatics
21
Q

Inguinal crease

A

Lateral border of femoral artery (site of fem.n. block)

22
Q

Direct hernia covering

A

External spermatic fascia only

23
Q

Gastrin receptor

A

CCK(B) receptor acting on Gq

24
Q

Pancreatic secretions: low flow vs. high flow

A

high Cl- vs. high HCO3-

both are isotonic fluid

25
Carbohydrate absorption
Glucose and galactose - SGLT1 (Na+ dependent) Fructose - GLUT5 All @ basal - GLUT2
26
D-xylose absorption test
distinguishes GI mucosal damage from other causes of malabsorption
27
Bile salts
Bile acids conjugated to glycine or taurine making them water soluble
28
Rate limiting step of bile acid synthesis
Cholesterol 7(alpha)-hydroxylase
29
Enzymes in heme breakdown
Heme oxygenase (heme to biliverdin) - requires O2, NADH, NADPH - produces CO, Fe3+ Biliverdin reductase (biliverdin to bilirubin)
30
Embryonal vascular ischemia
- Jejunal, ileal, colonic atresia | - Apple peel atresia
31
Most common tracheoeosophageal anomaly
EA w/ distal TEF (air in stomach)
32
Largest number of goblet cells in SI + location of peyers patches
Ileum
33
SMA syndrome
3rd part of duodenum trapped under SMA causing obstruction
34
Venous drainage above and below pectinate line
Above - superior rectal vein --> IMA --> portal system | Below - inferior rectal vein --> internal pudendal vein --> internal iliac vein
35
Painless jaundice
tumor in head of pancreas obstructing ONLY the common bile duct
36
Salivary gland tumors: Pleomorphic adenoma
- Benign mixed tumor (most common tumor) - Painless mobile mass - Chondromyxoid stroma + epithelium
37
Salivary gland tumors: Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
- Most common malignant - Painless, slow-growing - Mucinous and squamous
38
Salivary gland tumors: Warthin tumor
- Papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum | - Benign cystic tumor w/ germinal centers
39
Behcet syndrome
Apthous ulcer + genital ulcers + uveitis
40
Mallory-Weiss syndrome can lead to...
Boerhaave syndrome (possible w/ pneumomediastium)
41
Do esophageal varices cause pain?
NO
42
Nocturnal cough, dyspnea and adult-onset asthma?
GERD
43
Beefy red tongue (glositis)?
Plummer-Vinson Syndrome

USMLE Step 1 (26 decks)

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