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CBFM Final > Gluconeogenesis > Flashcards

Gluconeogenesis Flashcards

(57 cards)

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1
Q

Gluconeogenesis means to make glucose from

A

Non-carbohydrate precursors

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2
Q

What are the precursors to gluconeogenesis

A

Pyruvate, lactate, propionate, glycerol, amino acids (18/20)

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3
Q

Where can gluconeogenesis occur

A

Liver
Kidney
Small intestine

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4
Q

GNG in kidney would be when

A

Increase during long term starvation

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5
Q

Recall which steps in glycolysis should we pay attention to

A

1st : glucose —hexokinase/glucokinase—>glucose 6 phosphate

3rd: fructose 6 phosphate —phophofructokinase1—>fructose 1, 6 bisphosphate

10th: Phophoenolpyruvate (PEP)—pyruvate kinase—>pyruvate

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6
Q

How many net ATPs do we make in glycolysis

A

2

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7
Q

1st barrier in GNG is

A

PYRUVATE!! —pyruvate carboxylase—> OXA —PEP carboxykinase—> PEP!!

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8
Q

Pyruvate to OXA characteristics

A

Uses 1 ATP
Biotin is its cofactor
Activated by acetyl CoA
Pyruvate carboxylase enzyme

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9
Q

OXA to PEP characteristics

A

It can either be OXA to PEP using 1 GTP

Or

OXA to Malate to OXA to PEP using 1 ATP

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10
Q

What can cross the membrane and is made from pyruvate and why is that significant

A

PEP and Malate

Significant because pyruvate wants to get out of the mito to do GNG in the cytosol

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11
Q

The malate shuttle during GNG shuttles _____ so there is energy to make glucose

A

NADH

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12
Q

When comparing glycolysis and GNG, specifically looking at PEP and pyruvate what is a key difference

A

Glycolysis utilizes 1 enzyme, pyruvate kinase
It takes 2 molecules of PEP and makes 2 molecules of pyruvate: making 2 ATP

GNG utilizes 2 enzymes, pyruvate carboxylase and PEP carboxykinase
It uses 4 ATP when taking pyruvate and making PEP

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13
Q

Compare glycolysis and GNG PEP/pyruvate ATP

A

Glycolysis makes 2 ATP

GNG uses 4 ATP

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14
Q

The 2nd and 3rd barriers of GNG are

A

Fructose 1,6 —fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase—> Fructose 6 phosphate

Glucose 6 phosphate —-glucose 6 phosphatase—>glucose

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15
Q

Location of glycolysis vs GNG

A

Glycolysis = cytoplasm

GNG = cytoplasm and mitochondria

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16
Q

Energy of glycolysis vs GNG

A

Glycolysis = 2 ATP generated

GNG = 6 ATP consumed

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17
Q

GNG is very

A

Energy consuming

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18
Q

Pyruvate and lactate structural comparison

A

They have the same structure except lactate is reduced

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19
Q

Pyruvate to lactate enzyme is ___

A

Lactate dehydrogenase

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20
Q

Pyruvate to lactate is a ____ reaction that uses _____ for energy/or to make energy

A

Reversible

NADH<—>NAD+

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21
Q

Lactate to pyruvate is driven by

A

NADH concentration

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22
Q

Structural difference between alanine and pyruvate

A

Alanine has an amino group

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23
Q

Alanine to pyruvate is a ____ reaction

24
Q

Alanine + ______ <—> pyruvate + _____

Study These Flashcards
A

α - ketoglutarate

Glutamate

25
Cori cycle aka
Glucose - lactate cycle
26
ATP generation and consumption of cori cycle
6 ATP used in liver for GNG 2 ATP were created in RBC
27
Key point of glucose alanine cycle
Brings carbon to liver for GNG ASLO Brings ammonia for urea synthesis
28
AA that can be used in GNG are called
Gluconeogenic
29
AA that cannot be used in GNG are called
Ketogenic
30
What are the AA that cannot be used in GNG
Lysine and Leucine; they are ketogenic AA
31
Which AA are gluconeogenic and ketogenic
Phenylalanine Tyrptophan Phenylalanine And Isoleucine Think “TP,PI, TP, PI” IV chant
32
What is more important than the process of GNG
The REGULATION of GNG
33
Where is the carbon backbone of GNG from
The 5 precursors Pussys Like Good Pounding And Ass Pussy’s=pyruvate Like=lactate Good=glycerol Pounding=propionate And Ass=amino acids
34
Where does energy come from in GNG
Break down fatty acids this makes acetyl CoA
35
Hormones like ______ communicate everything needed for GNG
Insulin and glucagon
36
Our liver glycogen storage lasts for
Less than a day
37
GNG will start before _____ are depleted
Glycogen stores
38
____ is important in regulating GNG
Pyruvate
39
Pyruvate can either be turned into ____ or _____
Acetyl CoA OAA
40
To up regulate GNG what should pyruvate turn into
OAA
41
When regulating pyruvate and your end goal is to make PEP what are the paths to get there
1.Pyruvate to OAA to PEP 2.pyruvate to OAA to Malate to OAA to PEP 3. Pyruvate to OAA to ASP to OAA to PEP
42
When you have enough NADH in the cytosol what process will GNG follow
pyruvate to OAA straight to PEP allll in the mitochondria
43
If you have low NADH in the cytosol what path will GNG follow
Pyruvate to OAA to malate (shuttle out of mito to cytosol) to OAA to PEP
44
_____ is inactive without Acetyl CoA
Pyruvate carboxylase
45
When you see ATP or CO2 you know ____ is used as well
Biotin
46
High ATP _____ fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase 1 and they ______ phosphofructokinase 1
Activate Inactivate Because if there is high ATP we do not need glycolysis to happen
47
High _____ and similarly high ______, increase phophofructokinase 1 and this drives glycolysis forward
AMP Fructose 2,6 bisphosphate
48
How do insulin and glucagon manipulate cells for glycolysis and GNG
It utilizes fructose 2,6 bisphosphate
49
fructose 2,6 bisphosphate is like an
On/off switch for glycolysis
50
When fructose 2,6 bisphosphate is high that means ___
It favors glycolysis It is “on” Activate PFK1 And INACTIVATE fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase 1
51
When fructose 2,6 bisphosphate is low that means ___
It favors gluconeogenesis It is “off” No glycolysis Activate fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase 1 INACTIVATE PFK1
52
Which step of GNG is the rate limiting step
Fructose1,6bisphosphate to fructose 6 phosphate
53
What kind of FA are used to be turned into glucose
Odd chain
54
odd chain FA path
Odd chain FA to propionate to OAA to PEP to glucose
55
Where does the carbon backbone come from in GNG
Pyruvate, lactate, glycerol, propionate, AA
56
Where does the energy come from to help GNG continue forward
Fatty acid catabolism (which makes Acetly CoA) supports GNG
57
What are the big regulators of GNG and what are they classified as
Insulin and glucagon

CBFM Final (18 decks)

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