Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

CBFM Final > Basics Of Hormone > Flashcards

Basics Of Hormone Flashcards

1
Q

______ secret hormones

A

Endocrine gland or cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What to endocrine hormones travel in

A

In the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What do endocrine glands interact with

A

With their receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Water soluble hormones are _____ lived and why

A

Short

Fast
like a phone call. It’s over after you hang up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Neuroendocrine hormones are secreted by _____ in the ______

A

Neurons
Circulating blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Fat soluble hormones are _____ lived and why

A

Long

Slower
like a letter. Slower to get there. But you can always keep it with you

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where do water soluble hormones interact

A

Receptors on cell surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where do fat soluble hormones interact

A

With INTRACELLULAR receptors
And nuclear receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does the pancreas secrete

A

Exocrine and endocrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, pancreatic lipase are all____ from the ____

A

Exocrine

Pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Insulin, glucagon, gastrin, pancreatic are all ____ from the ____

A

Endocrine
Pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Exocrine secretes/function

A

Make and excrete digestive enzymes/zymogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Endocrine aka

A

Hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Beta cells aka

A

Insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Glucagon aka

A

Alpha cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Gastrin aka

A

Delta cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

F cells aka

A

Pancreatic polypeptide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Preproinsulin goes to ____ which goes to _______

A

Proinsulin

Insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

______ is secreted with insulin and has a useful diagnostic role

A

C-peptide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Insulin from a dog is ____ to a human

A

Similar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Insulin synthesis and secretion steps

A

1: nucleus - make mRNA for preproinsulin

2: RER - make preproinsulin, cleaved by microsomes enzymes

3: small transfer vesicles: transport of proinsulin to golgi

4: golgi - package of proinsulin into coated secretory granules, CONVERSION of PROINSULIN to INSULIN. Here they are waiting for signals to release it

5: glucose and Ca2+ are the signals that release insulin

6: secretory granules - condensation and storage of insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

_____ is specific to liver and pancreas

A

GLUT2 (glucose transporter 2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Function of GLUT2

A

Glucose absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the steps of GLUT 2 in secreting insulin

A

1:GLUT 2 senses the blood glucose levels and mediates transportation of glucose β cells
(This is extracellularly)

2: INTRACELLULARLY the cell increases glucose catabolism (glycolysis) and ATP SYNTHESIS

3: the increase in the ATP/ADP ratio closes the K+ channel which depolarizes the cells

4: this depolarization opens the Ca2+ channel and increases the Ca2+ inside the cell

5: finally, the ca2+ triggers the release of insulin out of the cell

6: increase of insulin also activated insulin gene expression via CREB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Where do we focus on the function of insulin even tho it works all over the body
Muscle and adipose tissue
26
What is CREB? And what is the function
Calcium responsive element binding protein It allows Ca2+ activated insulin gene expression
27
What are the 2 functions of ca2+ in GLUT2
Secrete insulin Make more insulin via CREB
28
Insulin signaling pathway steps
1: you have an insulin receptor with 2α2β subunits 2: bind the the insulin 3: this leads to phosphorylation of β subunit (which is auto) and insulin receptor subunit 4: goes to muscle and adipose cells
29
When insulin goes into muscle what does it signal
GLUT4 translocate to membrane bring in more glucose Glucose uptake Glycogen synthesis
30
When insulin goes into adipose cell what does it signal
GLUT4 translocate to membrane Glucose uptake Fat synthesis
31
Insulin mainly affects
Liver Muscle adipocyte
32
What is different between the liver and the adipose tissue and muscle
The liver does not use GLUT4. The other 2 do
33
Where is glucagon made
In alpha cells of the pancreas
34
What inhibits glucagon secretion
Insulin Glucose Glucagon inversely proportional to insulin
35
Function of glucagon
Tells liver to break down glycogen to be released into the blood as glucose
36
Glucagon secretion is enhanced by
Amino acids Catecholamine Glucocorticoids Nervous system
37
Steps of glucagon transduction
1: receptor on cell membrane 2: glucagon attaches 3: GPCR g-protein is activated 4: inactive AC gets activated 5: this turns ATP to cAMP 6: this binds PKA 7:when camp binds to PKA, PKA loses the restrictive subunits(R) and becomes active 8: active PKA now goes on to phosphorylate many different substrates
38
Glucagon is a ____ hormone
Peptide
39
1 hormone has a huge net effect. What is the amplification in the end? Is it efficient?
10^5-10^6 Very efficient
40
Peptide hormones are ____ soluble and _____ to a cell
Water Penetrate
41
Feeding leads to ______
Insulin secretion
42
Fasting leads to ____
Glucagon secretion
43
Right after a meal what is high and what is low
Glucose and insulin is high Glucagon, fatty acids, and ketone bodies are low
44
An hour after a meal what does a diabetics blood glucose look like
Super super high
45
At a resting state a diabetics blood glucose level compared to a non diabetics is ____
Higher
46
Type 1 diabetes is usually in
Childhood
47
What percentage of people have type 1 diabetes
10%
48
What do type 1 diabetics look like
Thin
49
Type 2 diabetes is in
Adolescence or adults
50
Type 2 diabetes looks
Obese
51
What percentage does type 2 effect
Over 90%
52
What happens to Insulin Glucagon Gluconeogenesis Blood glucose Remedy For type 1 diabetes
Insulin Decreases Glucagon Increases Gluconeogeneisis Increases Blood glucose Increases Remedy = give them insulin
53
Insulin function
Insulin allows cells in the muscles, fat and liver to absorb glucose from the blood
54
Effects of type 2 diabetes
Insulin receptor pathway Decreases Glucagon NA Nutrient usage Decreases Blood glucose/cholesterol/fatty acid INcreases Remedy = excercise/dietary modification
55
What are catecholamines
Hormones and neurotransmitters made from the adrenal medulla
56
Insulin plays an important role for _____ glucagon
Inhibiting
57
Type 2 diabetes insulin levels
Are normal The insulin pathways are mucked up
58
Vitamin ____ helps synthesize catecholamines
C
59
DOPA and Dopamine are ____ which are _____
Neurotransmitters Catecholamines
60
Norepinephrine and epinephrine are ____ which are _____
Hormones Catecholamines
61
Catecholamines are made in response to
Physical Psychological Cold
62
Rate limiting step of catecholamine synthesis
The first step!! Tyrosine ———tyrosine hyroxylase——> DOPA
63
What are the cofactors of catecholamines
Tetrahydrobiopterin(BH4) Vitamin C B6 B12 Folate
64
Where does BH4 play a role in catecholamine pathway
1 step
65
3rd step of catecholamine pathway utilizes ____ cofactor
Vitamin C
66
4th step of catecholamine synthesis utilizes ____ cofactor
Vitamin B6 Vitamin B12 Folate
67
Catecholamines function through_______
Their receptors which are 7 transmembrane
68
What receptor do catecholamines utilize
GPCR, 7 transmembrane
69
Catecholamines are similar to what other receptor pathway
Glucagon
70
Overall function of catecholamine receptor pathway
Activate adenylate cyclase, INCREASE cAMP, activate PKA
71
What are the overall effects of catecholamines on the body
Fight or flight -slow down gut -speed up heart -increase sweating -mobilize stores of energy (glycogen and fat)
72
Catecholamine process is ________ than glucagon pathway
FASTER! Fight or runnnn
73
Epinephrine makes adipose tissue _________ so it can _______
Increase lypolysis (a ton) So it can use it for energy to fight or run
74
Effects of epinephrine on the heart and liver are
OPPOSING
75
What does epinephrine do to your heart
Increases glycolysis Increases glycogenolysis And decreases glycogen synthesis The heart is a muscle. It wants to make and use energy
76
What does glycogen do
Stores glucose
77
What does epinephrine do to the liver
Decreases glycolysis Decreases glycogen synthesis Decreases fatty acid synthesis Increases glycogenolysis Increases gluconeogenesis Our liver loves us and we’re trying to GTFO. So its gonna make all the sugars
78
Cortisol is a derivative of ____from _______
Cholesterol Adrenal cortex
79
Cortisol is directly regulated by
ACTH adrenal corticosteroid hormon
80
Where does ACTH come from
Anterior pituitary
81
Cortisol pattern is called
Diurnal rhythm
82
ACTH is regulated by
CRH (corticosteroid releasing hormone)
83
Where does CRH come from
Hypothalamus
84
How does cortisol get transported
1:Cortisol binds to corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG aka transportin) AND albumin in the blood 2:CBG transports cortisol through the blood 3: cortisol (hormone, H)diffuses through the cytosol and binds to its receptor (R) 4: H-R translocate s to the nucleus and interacts with hormone responsive element (HRE) 5: this mediates gene expression 6: its slow but long lasting
85
Pretty much _______ cells have _____ receptor
All Cortisol
86
Cortisol works with _____ to ______
Other norepinephrine and glucagon Deal with low blood glucose in different time frames See pics - slide 24 - W7
87
Which is more potent T3 or T4
T3
88
Cortisol and thyroid hormone mainly function through _________ receptors
Intracellular
89
Insulin and glucagon mainly function through ______ receptors because ____
Extracellular They are water soluble
90
Steps of synthesis of thyroid hormone
1. TRH released from hypothalamus 2.which releases TSH from pituitary 3.TSH interacts with TSH receptor on thyroid gland 4.Thyroglobulin (Tgb) synthesis: containing many tyrosines which are used to make T3 and T4 this is where thyroid hormone is released 5. EXO cytosol into colloid 6. Iodines are added 7. Two ____ are coupled together 8. Goes back into the cell 9. Fills with lysosome to breakdown precursor 10. T3 and T4 are water soluble so you need TBG to bind to T3 and T4 and transport them around in the blood
91
If there is no thyroid hormone what happens
The thyroid hormone receptor recruits co-repressors and inhibits gene expression
92
Thyroid hormone _____ through ______ and _______ after binding to _____ ??
Diffuses Plasma Nuclear membranes Thyroid
93
Thyroid hormone functions
Stimulates Na+, K+ - ATPase (uses energy) Increases metabolism, especially in the liver Generates heat Amplifies epinephrine effect in lipolysys
94
Hyperthyroidism aka
Graves’ disease
95
HYPERthyroidism effects
Excessive sweating Weight loss Anxiety, stress Fast heart rate, palpitations Hyper metabolic state ANTIBODY LOOKS LIKE TSH, BINDS RECEPTOR
96
Hypothyroidism aka
Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis
97
HYPOthyroidism effects
Cold intolerance Slow weight gain Fatigue Slow heart rate, metabolism Hypometabolic state AUTOIMMUNE DESTRUCTIVE ANTIBODIES
98
Parathyroid gland size
Of a grain
99
Total number of parathyroid glands
Two upper and two lower
100
PTH is a ____ peptide
34 AA
101
_______ stimulates PTH secretion
Low blood calcium
102
PTH ______ concentration by interacting with ________ to _______
Unregulating blood calcium PTH receptor Increase calcium
103
Overall function of PTH
Regulates Ca2+ levels
104
______ aids in _____ absorption (through vitamin __) With the overall goal of
PTH intestinal Restoring ca2+ levels Vit D
105
PTH effects on bone With the overall goal of…
Increases osteoclasts And Decreases osteoblasts Restoring ca2+ level
106
PTH effects on kidneys Overall affects
Increases reabsorption Restore ca2+ levels
107
If you have too much ca2+ what does your body do
Decrease intestinal absorption Increase osteoblasts and decrease osteoclasts Decrease renal reabsorption and increase phosphate reabsorption
108
Water soluble can travel ____ in ____
Free Blood
109
An active hormone is when it is
Free
110
Water soluble hormones utilize _____ and that helps the duration be fast
Second messengers
111
Lipid soluble utilize ____ and that’s why they are slower and last longer
Gene expression
112
Water soluble hormones are stored in
Vesicles
113
Lipid soluble hormones are made
As needed except thyroid hormones Involves c peptide
114
Why are lipid solubles made as needed
Because they last longer so you don’t want too much
115
Benefit of having hormones in vesicles
1: its already ready, just waiting to be used 2: its isolated, can’t react in the wrong spot
116
Which hormones act through GPCR
Hydrophilic/water hormones
117
Big job of the liver
Regulates blood glucose levels
118
What cells secrete insulin
Beta cells

CBFM Final (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions