Glycogen metabolism

Question 1

• A homopolymer of __
• Linkage: __
• Branching: __ (at about every 8-10 residues)

Answer 1

a-D-glucose

a-1,4

a-1,6

Question 2

Glycogen as a

Answer 2

Fuel Reserve

Question 3

mobilized to maintain blood glucose levels in between meals

Answer 3

Glycogen

Question 4

from glycogen CAN PROVIDE ENERGY whenever the requirement is sudden (as in during strenuous activity)

Answer 4

Glucose

Question 5

__ glycogen is degraded for
• DISTRIBUTION TO OTHER ORGANS through the blood
• maintaining PROPER BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS

Answer 5

Liver

Question 6

Muscle glycogen is degraded for its use in

Answer 6

energy production

Question 7

Release of Glc as Glc-1-P

Glucose released is __ without consuming ATP.

Answer 7

already phosphorylated

Question 8

Release of Glc as Glc-1-P

Glc-1-P cannot __ the cell and go to the bloodstream.

Answer 8

leave

Question 9

Release of Glc as Glc-1-P

It readily enters the glycolytic pathway once it’s converted to glucose-6-P by

Answer 9

phosphoglucomutase

Question 10

Release of Glc as Glc-1-P

Action of glycogen phosphorylase continues until
there are about _ residues left from the branch
point

Answer 10

4

Question 11

Re-modeling of Glycogen

Re-modeling prior to further degradation occurs near the

Answer 11

branch point

Question 12

De-branching

a-1,6 glycosidic bond is cleaved by an

Answer 12

a-1,6-glucosidase

Question 13

De-branching

Released glucose from de-branching is converted
to glucose-6-P and can enter

Answer 13

glycolysis

Question 14

Fate of Glc-1-P in the Liver
• Glucose-1-P is

Answer 14

dephosphorylated

Question 15

Fate of Glc-1-P in the Liver

Free glucose exits the hepatic cells and goes
into the blood stream for:
• maintaining __ blood glucose levels in between meals
• __ to other organs (brain and muscles)

Answer 15

proper, transport

Question 16

Glc-6-phosphatase is present in the

Answer 16

liver only.

Question 17

Fate of Glc-1-P in the Muscle

Muscle cells _ glycogen for its own need

Answer 17

degrade

Question 19

Fate of Glc-1-P in the Muscle

Glucose-1-P → Glucose 6-P →

Answer 19

glycolysis

Question 20

Muscle cells __ glucose-6-phosphatase.

Answer 20

lack

Question 21

the activated form of glucose that serves as GLUCOSE
DONOR for glycogen synthesis
• UTP – __ __

Answer 21

UDP-Glucose

uridine triphosphate

Question 22

BRANCHING ENZYME
• Breaks the a-1,4 link and forms the a-1,6 branch.

Answer 22

Branching

Question 23

Branching occurs at about every __ residue

Answer 23

10th

Question 24

Branching __ solubility of glycogen

Answer 24

increases

Question 25

Glycogenolysis and glycogenesis are

Answer 25

reciprocally regulated

Question 26

Conditions that promote synthesis inhibit degradation and __

Answer 26

vice versa

Question 27

employed in response to the blood glucose level

Answer 27

Regulation

Question 28

Normal blood glucose level:

Answer 28

70-100 mg/100 mL

Question 29

Stimulates UPTAKE OF GLUCOSE from the bloodstream

Answer 29

INSULIN

Question 30

Promotes glycogenesis and inhibits glycogenolysis

Answer 30

INSULIN

Question 31

EPINEPHRINE (in __) and GLUCAGON (in __) • Stimulates glycogen BREAKDOWN to glucose

Answer 31

E- muscle G- liver

Question 32

After a carbohydrate rich meal • Blood glucose level __ • Pancreas will secrete __ • __ is promoted

Answer 32

elevates insulin Glycogenesis

Question 33

After not eating for a long period of time • Blood glucose level __ • Pancreas secretes __ • __ is promoted in the liver

Answer 33

decreases glucagon Glycogenolysis

Question 34

DURING STRESS (strenuous exercise, excitement, beating deadlines, cramming for exams etc.) • Adrenal glands secrete

Answer 34

epinephrine

Question 35

__ is stimulated in the muscle • The so-called “__” • Epinephrine is also called __

Answer 35

Glycogenolysis “Adrenaline Rush” adrenaline

Question 36

Why do we FEEL LETHARGIC after a carbohydraterich meal? • After such meal, blood glucose level

Answer 36

increases

Question 37

Lethargic after meals? __ is secreted by the pancreas and glycogen synthesis is __

Answer 37

Insulin, activated

Question 38

Lethargic after meals? No __ is available for energy production so the person feels lethargic

Answer 38

glucose

Question 39

Insulin-dependent diabetis • Deficiency in insulin may be caused by: • AUTOIMMUNE DESTRUCTION of pancreatic cells secreting insulin • MUTATION of insulin structure

Answer 39

Diabetes Mellitus Type 1

Question 40

Insulin-resistant diabetis • Patient is NON-RESPONSIVE to insulin • Due to DEFECT IN THE STRUCTURE of the insulin receptor • Insulin CANNOT PROMOTE UPTAKE OF GLUCOSE from the blood

Answer 40

Diabetes Mellitus Type 2